PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH RUMAH POTONG HEWAN DI INDONESIA

The purpose of writing this article is to understand the legal protection for people against the management of slaughterhouse waste in Indonesia. Animal slaughterhouse management waste is waste resulting from the cutting process and if not managed properly will have an impact on the surrounding environment. Pollution of animal slaughterhouse waste management can occur if not properly managed. The method of approaching research is normative juridical. The results of the study provide an answer that the protection of the law against the community is a fundamental thing to be accommodated by the surrounding government. Waste management is an absolute thing done by the state to ensure the good survival of the people in Indonesia.  Keywords : legal protection, community, waste management, slaughterhous

Determining Emissions From Landfills And Creating Odor Buffer Distances

With population growing every year, more and more people are looking for places to live. This can lead to construction of houses near and around landfills. As homes get closer to landfills, the odors these landfills produce become more of a problem, and lead to an increase in odor complaints. Modeling these odors and recommending odor buffer distances will help determine limits on how close to landfills new homes should be allowed. This should help reduce future odor complaints. To solve this problem one must accurately estimate odorous gas emissions from the landfill. Often odors can be indicated by methane emissions. A new technique using hundreds of ambient VOC concentrations, which are taken from landfills on a quarterly basis, was used to invert and solve the Gaussian dispersion equation for methane emissions. In this technique, Voronoi diagram theory was used to automatically locate numerous point sources for optimal positioning relative to receptors. The newly solved methane emission rates can now be input into a dispersion model, and the resulting methane concentrations used as surrogates for odors around the landfill. One of the most important steps in the analysis is to determine which model is best to use for odor modeling. There are many considerations that go into this decision, such as how much time it takes to run the model, how accurate the model is, and how easy the model is to use. Two current models CALPUFF and AERMOD were compared. In the modeling, methane was used as a surrogate for the odors. Since landfills handle many different combinations of waste, the type of odor may vary from landfill to landfill. In this test case, H2S was assumed to be the main contributor to the odor emitted from the landfill, and the H2S-to-methane ratio was used to estimate downwind H2S concentrations from the modeled methane concentrations. Once an air dispersion model is selected, it can be used to model odors and to develop a graphical screening method to show where these odors are most likely to occur and how strong they will be. This can be used to determine how close to a landfill homes can be built without having significant odor impacts bothering these new residents. Also, this tool can be used for improving landfill gas management. Several example scenarios include the possibility of not enough soil cover placed on the waste, leaks from an aging collection system, or cracks in the collection piping created by the settling of waste

Application of the triangular model in quantifying landfill gas emission from municipal solid wastes

Municipal solid waste landfills are significant parts of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The emission of significant amount of landfill gas has generated considerable interest in quantifying such emissions. The chemical composition of the organic constituents and potential amount of landfill gas that can be derived from the waste were determined. The chemical formulae for the rapidly biodegradable waste (RBW) and slowly biodegradable waste (SBW) were determined as C39H62O27N and C36H56O20N, respectively. The triangular method was used to calculate landfill gas obtainable from rapidly biodegradable waste over a 5-year period and for slowly biodegradable waste over a 15-year period. A plot was obtained for a landfill life span of 20 years. The volume of methane and carbon dioxide from RBW were 12.60 m3 and 11.76 m3 respectively while those from SBW were 6.60 m3 and 5.48 m3 respectively at STP. For the initial deposit of 2002 the highest landfill gas emission rate occurred in 2007 at 0.2829 Gg/yr with an average cumulative emission of 0.3142 Gg while for a landfill closed after five years the highest landfill gas emission rate was in 2010 at 1.2804 Gg/yr with an average cumulative emission of 1.5679 Gg while this cumulative emission will start declining by the year 2029

Math Geosci

Coal seam degasification and its success are important for controlling methane, and thus for the health and safety of coal miners. During the course of degasification, properties of coal seams change. Thus, the changes in coal reservoir conditions and in-place gas content as well as methane emission potential into mines should be evaluated by examining time-dependent changes and the presence of major heterogeneities and geological discontinuities in the field. In this work, time-lapsed reservoir and fluid storage properties of the New Castle coal seam, Mary Lee/Blue Creek seam, and Jagger seam of Black Warrior Basin, Alabama, were determined from gas and water production history matching and production forecasting of vertical degasification wellbores. These properties were combined with isotherm and other important data to compute gas-in-place (GIP) and its change with time at borehole locations. Time-lapsed training images (TIs) of GIP and GIP difference corresponding to each coal and date were generated by using these point-wise data and Voronoi decomposition on the TI grid, which included faults as discontinuities for expansion of Voronoi regions. Filter-based multiple-point geostatistical simulations, which were preferred in this study due to anisotropies and discontinuities in the area, were used to predict time-lapsed GIP distributions within the study area. Performed simulations were used for mapping spatial time-lapsed methane quantities as well as their uncertainties within the study area. The systematic approach presented in this paper is the first time in literature that history matching, TIs of GIPs and filter simulations are used for degasification performance evaluation and for assessing GIP for mining safety. Results from this study showed that using production history matching of coalbed methane wells to determine time-lapsed reservoir data could be used to compute spatial GIP and representative GIP TIs generated through Voronoi decomposition. Furthermore, performing filter simulations using point-wise data and TIs could be used to predict methane quantity in coal seams subjected to degasification. During the course of the study, it was shown that the material balance of gas produced by wellbores and the GIP reductions in coal seams predicted using filter simulations compared very well, showing the success of filter simulations for continuous variables in this case study. Quantitative results from filter simulations of GIP within the studied area briefly showed that GIP was reduced from an initial ~73 Bcf (median) to ~46 Bcf (2011), representing a 37 % decrease and varying spatially through degasification. It is forecasted that there will be an additional ~2 Bcf reduction in methane quantity between 2011 and 2015. This study and presented results showed that the applied methodology and utilized techniques can be used to map GIP and its change within coal seams after degasification, which can further be used for ventilation design for methane control in coal mines.CC999999/Intramural CDC HHS/United States2015-07-15T00:00:00Z26191095PMC450353

Estimasi Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca pada Pengelolaan Sampah Domestik dengan Metode IPCC 2006 di TPA Talang Gulo Kota Jambi

The waste that loaded to the Talang Gulo Landfill in 2018 is 1,012.234 m3/day and is predicted to produce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions such as CH4 and N2O. The purpose of this study was to create a waste management layout, to determine the generation data and composition of waste in Jambi city and calculate the estimated amount of Greenhouse Gas (GHG). The calculation of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in this study used from Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 method. Sampling results show that the average waste generation in Jambi City is 0.207 kg/person/day. Food waste, plastics, and paper were the dominant components from the composition of waste in landfill by 47,381%, 20.565%, and 13.096%. CH4 emissions generated from landfill zone VI in 2019 amounted to 4,695×10-2 Gg and would increase to 16,608×10-2 Gg in 2030. Greenhouse gas emissions generated from the composting zone consisted of 8,6×10-4 Gg CH4 and 5,16×10-5 Gg N2O in 2019 and 9,5×10-4 Gg CH4 and 5,7×10-5 Gg N2O in 2030. Emissions from heavy equipment activity in 2019 amounted to 1,065 Gg CO2. Estimates of greenhouse gas emissions are useful for taking steps to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions

Industrial Air Emission Pollution: Potential Sources and Sustainable Mitigation

Air of cities especially in the developing parts of the world is turning into a serious environmental interest. The air pollution is because of a complex interaction of dispersion and emission of toxic pollutants from manufactories. Air pollution caused due to the introduction of dust particles, gases, and smoke into the atmosphere exceeds the air quality levels. Air pollutants are the precursor of photochemical smog and acid rain that causes the asthmatic problems leading into serious illness of lung cancer, depletes the stratospheric ozone, and contributes in global warming. In the present industrial economy era, air pollution is an unavoidable product that cannot be completely removed but stern actions can reduce it. Pollution can be reduced through collective as well as individual contributions. There are multiple sources of air pollution, which are industries, fossil fuels, agro waste, and vehicular emissions. Industrial processes upgradation, energy efficiency, agricultural waste burning control, and fuel conversion are important aspects to reducing pollutants which create the industrial air pollution. Mitigations are necessary to reduce the threat of air pollution using the various applicable technologies like CO2 sequestering, industrial energy efficiency, improving the combustion processes of the vehicular engines, and reducing the gas production from agriculture cultivations

Methane emission inventory and forecasting in Malaysia

The increase in global surface temperature by 0.74 ± 0.18 oC between 1901 and 2000 as a result of global warming has become a serious threat. It is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere due to human activities. The major greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Records show that only carbon dioxide received detailed investigation but not methane, hence the motive behind this study. This study examined the emission of methane from six main sources in Malaysia. Data for the inventories of the production of these six sources were taken from 1980 – 2011 and were used to forecast emissions from 2012 – 2020. The data were sourced from Ministries, Departments and International Agencies. Six categories of animals were studied under livestock with their corresponding methane emissions from 1980 – 2011 computed as follows: cattle: 1993Gg (6.13%), buffaloes: 341Gg (10.8%), sheep: 24Gg (0.8%), goats: 55Gg (1.8%), horses: 3Gg (0.1%), poultry: 161Gg (5.1%), and pigs: 579Gg (18.3%). Methane emissions from the other sources from 1980 to 2011 are rice production: 1617Gg (0.02%), crude oil production: 8016636Gg (99.8%), Wastewater (POME): 11362Gg (0.14%), municipal solid waste landfills: 3294Gg (0.04%), coal mining: 14Gg (0.0002%). Forecasting of methane emissions from 2012 to 2020 were carried out using the Box-Jenkins ARIMA method. There were close similarities between the observed and forecast values. In the year 2020 predicted methane emissions will be cattle: 113Gg (72.2%), buffaloes: 8.0Gg (5.1%), sheep: 1.2Gg (0.8%), goats: 4.2 Gg (2.7%), horses: 0.2Gg (0.1%), pigs: 13.2Gg (8.4%), and poultry: 16.8Gg (10.7%) for the livestock sector. For other sectors the forecast will be wastewater: 836Gg for wastewater, 4.7 Gg for coal production, 503,208 Gg for crude oil production, 50.6 Gg for rice production, and 167 Gg from municipal solid waste landfills. Population and GDP will rise to 33.26 million and 329US $ billion by 2020, respectively. Optimisation was carried out after running a linear regression to determine the significant parameters. The equation developed was a nonlinear programming problem and was solved using sequential quadratic programming (SQL) and implemented on MATLAB environment. Sensitivity analysis carried out on the constraints showed the need to maintain the present livestock and rice production levels. The amount of meat protein currently available far exceeds the dietary protein requirement by more than five times. Several mitigation measures aimed towards reducing future methane emissions in Malaysia were also suggested for the various sources. These are in line with the country’s commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40% over the 2005 level by 2020. The use of renewable energy in the energy mix was suggested in line with the government’s five fuel policy and increase in the number of vehicles using gas was also proposed

Clayey soil amendment by hydrophilic nano bentonite for landfill cover barrier: a case study

Methane and carbon dioxide are of major concern as greenhouse gases; the landfills have the problem of controlling these gases. Al Akaider in Jordan is the second biggest landfill suffers controlling gases as it lacks a cover design system. In this work, the main goal is to investigate the appropriateness of amended expansive clayey soil in Irbid as a cover barrier. The expansive soil is unwanted in construction projects, thus the modification of this expelled soil enables using it as a low cost landfill cover barrier. In this research, the effect of adding nano-clay material (Hydrophilic Nano Bentonite) on the geotechnical characteristics, hydraulic conductivity, and gas transport coefficients of the clayey soil are studied. The soil samples were obtained from Irbid city. Unconfined compressive strength and free swelling tests were performed on soil samples with different percentages of nano-clay added in the range (0.1% to 1.2%) by weight. The results indicated that the addition of nano-clay at low percentages increases the strength of expansive soil up to 315 kPa at 0.6% of nano-clay and the swelling potential decreased dramatically with the addition of nano-clay. The optimal percent of nano-clay was found to be 0.6%. The intrinsic permeability of the amended soil was 6.03×10–15 m2. The average values of fluid transport coefficients were determined at 25 °C. The hydraulic conductivity for water was about 6.5×10–10 m/s. Gas conductivity coefficients for CO2 and CH4 were 5×10–9 m/s and 2.5×10–9 m/s respectively. Gas diffusion coefficients for CO2 and CH4 were 3×10–6 m2/s and 4×10–6 m2/s respectively. The results obtained in this research showed compatibility with standards conducted on geosynthetic clay liner (GCL), consequently the amended Irbid soil investigated, can be used as a cover barrier in Al Akaider landfill. These findings can also be generalized to landfills with similar conditions

Environmental Emissions

Today, the issue of environmental emissions is more important than ever before. Air pollution with particulates, soot, carbon, aerosols, heavy metals, and so on is causing adverse effects on human health as well as the environment. This book presents new research and findings related to environmental emissions, pollution, and future sustainability. Written by experts in the field, chapters cover such topics as health effects, emission monitoring and mitigation, and emission composition and measurement

Basurales a Cielo Abierto (BCA) en la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina : Lineamientos para la gestión integral

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la situación y dinámica de los BCA de la ciudad de Córdoba con el fin de generar insumos y lineamientos de gestión para promover un plan de erradicación y control de proliferación de los mismos. Para ello se reunió, articuló, sistematizó y analizó la información existente, se definieron un conjunto de variables que permitieron recolectar los datos necesarios para conocer la situación actual de 34 BCA (muestreo aleatorio estratificado). Se generaron indicadores que permitieron analizar y evaluar el Grado de Exposición Comunitaria de Contacto (GECC), el Nivel de Afectación de Recursos Naturales (NARN) y el Nivel de Importancia Socio-Ambiental (NISA). De los resultados obtenidos se destacan: 90de los BCA tiene más de 3 años de existencia (crónicos); 80 se encuentran a menos de 50 m de un área habitada; la mayoría está constituido por residuos domiciliarios, restos de poda y restos de obra y demolición; la presencia de residuos domiciliarios no está ligado a un déficit en el servicio de recolección en el sector; 68de los BCA tienen un alto GECC; el indicador de NISA es crítico (64) para Barrio Müller. Sería necesario continuar con el relevamiento de los BCA restantes (44) para poder completar el mapa de NISA y visualizar aquellos BCA en situación crítica para generar un plan integral de erradicación.Evento realizado junto con el VII Congreso Nacional de Geografía de Universidades PúblicasFacultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació