Joining implications in formal contexts and inductive learning in a Horn description logic: Extended Version

A joining implication is a restricted form of an implication where it is explicitly specified which attributesmay occur in the premise and in the conclusion, respectively. A technique for sound and complete axiomatization of joining implications valid in a given formal context is provided. In particular, a canonical base for the joining implications valid in a given formal context is proposed, which enjoys the property of being of minimal cardinality among all such bases. Background knowledge in form of a set of valid joining implications can be incorporated. Furthermore, an application to inductive learning in a Horn description logic is proposed, that is, a procedure for sound and complete axiomatization of Horn-M concept inclusions from a given interpretation is developed. A complexity analysis shows that this procedure runs in deterministic exponential time

Constructing and Extending Description Logic Ontologies using Methods of Formal Concept Analysis

Description Logic (abbrv. DL) belongs to the field of knowledge representation and reasoning. DL researchers have developed a large family of logic-based languages, so-called description logics (abbrv. DLs). These logics allow their users to explicitly represent knowledge as ontologies, which are finite sets of (human- and machine-readable) axioms, and provide them with automated inference services to derive implicit knowledge. The landscape of decidability and computational complexity of common reasoning tasks for various description logics has been explored in large parts: there is always a trade-off between expressibility and reasoning costs. It is therefore not surprising that DLs are nowadays applied in a large variety of domains: agriculture, astronomy, biology, defense, education, energy management, geography, geoscience, medicine, oceanography, and oil and gas. Furthermore, the most notable success of DLs is that these constitute the logical underpinning of the Web Ontology Language (abbrv. OWL) in the Semantic Web. Formal Concept Analysis (abbrv. FCA) is a subfield of lattice theory that allows to analyze data-sets that can be represented as formal contexts. Put simply, such a formal context binds a set of objects to a set of attributes by specifying which objects have which attributes. There are two major techniques that can be applied in various ways for purposes of conceptual clustering, data mining, machine learning, knowledge management, knowledge visualization, etc. On the one hand, it is possible to describe the hierarchical structure of such a data-set in form of a formal concept lattice. On the other hand, the theory of implications (dependencies between attributes) valid in a given formal context can be axiomatized in a sound and complete manner by the so-called canonical base, which furthermore contains a minimal number of implications w.r.t. the properties of soundness and completeness. In spite of the different notions used in FCA and in DLs, there has been a very fruitful interaction between these two research areas. My thesis continues this line of research and, more specifically, I will describe how methods from FCA can be used to support the automatic construction and extension of DL ontologies from data

Illuminating and applying “The Dark Side”: Insights from elite team leaders

In contrast to socially desirable behaviors, recent work has suggested that effective elite team leadership also relies on socially undesirable behaviors. Accordingly, this study aimed to further explore the authenticity of dark side leadership behaviors, what they look like, and how they may be best used. Via interviews with 15 leaders, behaviors associated with Machiavellianism/mischievousness, skepticism, social dominance, and performance-focused ruthlessness were found. Moreover, these behaviors were enabled by leaders’ sociopolitical awareness and engineering as well as their adaptive expertise. Findings promote practitioner sensitivity to dark side leadership and, for leader effectiveness, sociopolitical and temporal features of its application

An Approach to Fuzzy Modal Logic of Time Intervals

Temporal reasoning based on intervals is nowadays ubiquitous in artificial intelligence, and the most representative interval temporal logic, called HS, was introduced by Halpern and Shoham in the eighties. There has been a great effort in the past in studying the expressive power and computational properties of the satisfiability problem for HS and its fragments, but only recently HS has been proposed as a suitable formalism for artificial intelligence applications. Such applications highlighted some of the intrinsic limits of HS: Sometimes, when dealing with real-life data one is not able to express temporal relations and propositional labels in a definite, crisp way. In this paper, following the seminal ideas of Fitting and Zadeh, among others, we present a fuzzy generalization of HS that partially solves such problems of expressive power, and we prove that, as in the crisp case, its satisfiability problem is generally undecidable

On the Widening Transfer Aspiration-Achievement Gap: Contextualizing the Transfer Intentions of Community College Students in New Mexico

This study examines the character and potential changes of transfer intention to attend four-year institutions among community college students in New Mexico. Since the early 1970s, national transfer achievement rates have declined in spite of high transfer aspirations resulting in a widening national transfer aspiration-achievement gap. Given that initial education expectations are often unmet, I study how the variability of students development and maintenance of transfer intentions may partly account for the gap. This project, designed as an inductive descriptive study, pursues one central research question: What does transferring mean to students? This question elicits more inquiry: How does a student\u27s intention to transfer vary due to underlying socio-cultural processes? Within the respective institutional and demographic contexts, what are the most salient processes at the student level? Do these processes differ in nature or outcome when accounting for different intersections of gender, race and ethnicity, or socio-economic status? Using concepts from Multicontext theory and Social and Cultural Capital theories, I evaluate the descriptive and exploratory findings of a local survey-interview study on community college students\u27 transfer intentions. Beginning with insights gained from two social capital indicators and three cultural capital indicators, I found diminishing (and heightening) of transfer intentions associated with these five socio-cultural processes, along with other unexpected processes that emerged during the course of my research. My primary finding is that student transfer intentions behave dynamically, are more fragile and recently-formed than expected, and exhibit outcome patterns linked to social and cultural experiences while at the community college. These experiences, as colored by the students\u27 accounts, feature interactions of identity and student culture, emotional and morale support, differing \u27comfort-levels,\u27 and the delicate interplay of financial, family and educational priorities. Finally, I aim to generate theoretical discussion on this relatively under-researched phenomenon—with wide-ranging social mobility implications—which this study shows to be an integral function to narrowing the transfer gap at the individual level

Proof-theoretic Semantics for Intuitionistic Multiplicative Linear Logic

This work is the first exploration of proof-theoretic semantics for a substructural logic. It focuses on the base-extension semantics (B-eS) for intuitionistic multiplicative linear logic (IMLL). The starting point is a review of Sandqvist’s B-eS for intuitionistic propositional logic (IPL), for which we propose an alternative treatment of conjunction that takes the form of the generalized elimination rule for the connective. The resulting semantics is shown to be sound and complete. This motivates our main contribution, a B-eS for IMLL , in which the definitions of the logical constants all take the form of their elimination rule and for which soundness and completeness are established

Automated Deduction – CADE 28

This open access book constitutes the proceeding of the 28th International Conference on Automated Deduction, CADE 28, held virtually in July 2021. The 29 full papers and 7 system descriptions presented together with 2 invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 76 submissions. CADE is the major forum for the presentation of research in all aspects of automated deduction, including foundations, applications, implementations, and practical experience. The papers are organized in the following topics: Logical foundations; theory and principles; implementation and application; ATP and AI; and system descriptions

INSTITUTIONAL LOGICS, INDIE SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS AND PLATFORM GOVERNANCE

This two-essay dissertation aims to study institutional logics in the context of Apple's independent third-party software developers. In essay 1, I investigate the embedded agency aspect of the institutional logics theory. It builds on the premise that logics constrain preferences, interests and behaviors of individuals and organizations, thereby determining the appropriate and legitimate decisions and actions of actors. In the meantime, most social actors operate in fields characterized by multiple institutional logics where contradictions exist, allowing individuals and organizations with opportunities for negotiation and change through exploitation or management of these contradictions. I specifically study two competing institutional logics: professional and market logics when they are experienced simultaneously by independent iOS app entrepreneurs. Using participant observation and semi-structured interviews, I delineate the ways in which logic tension is reconciled through mechanisms of logic synthesis in three entrepreneurial areas - app ideation, app execution and app marketing, and conditions which facilitate or inhibit logic synthesis. In essay 2, I study the emergence and evolution of field-level logics in the context of Apple's desktop developers - Mac indies. Following the cultural emergence model of field-level logics in Thornton et al. (2012), and the argument that "field-level logics are both embedded in societal-level logics and subject to field-level processes that generate distinct forms of instantiation, variation, and combination of societal logics" (p148), I particularly examine the relationship between resource environment and the emergence and evolution of field-level logics. Taking advantage of a critical change in developers' resource environment - Apple's opening of the iOS App Store and subsequently the Mac App Store, and hence its governance model shifting from mainly a technological platform to a platform that includes a market exchange place, I identify developers' logics before and after the change, namely, the software ecosystem logic and platform ecosystem logic. Two ideal types are constructed for the logics along elemental categories, and a content analysis demonstrates the logic shift pattern as resource environments change. A further analysis of the two logics suggests that the software ecosystem logic and platform ecosystem logic are in contestation at this early stage of institutional change

Qualitative research in psychology

"The first 'Workshop Qualitative Research in Psychology' took place in Blaubeuren, Germany from October 20-22, 2000. The meeting was organized by the Center for Qualitative Psychology of the University of Tübingen, Germany. The purpose of the meeting was to begin a network of qualitative psychologists. Thirty-two participants got to know each other, presented and discussed their research, discussed potential further developments within the field of qualitative psychology, and inspired each other with plans for the future. There were psychologists from Germany, Spain, Latvia, Finland, and the United States, most of whom were working as researchers within university contexts. The workshop took place at the retreat house of the University of Tübingen in a small village called Blaubeuren. A comfortable place with beautiful landscape, welcoming staff at the house and delicious food created a friendly atmosphere for the meeting from the start. The meeting started with an evening opening session in which all participants briefly introduced themselves and their interests in qualitative psychology. In order to communicate with each other, all of the participants spoke English. The introductions helped people to seek each other out afterwards in more informal conversations during the following two days." (author's abstract). Contents: Group I: Examples of Applications of Qualitative Methods, Part I - Discussion (summarized by Leo Gürtler) (17-20); Irmentraud Ertel: Categorizing the Content of Everyday Family Communication: What Do Families Talk About in Everyday Life? (21-31); Michaela Gläser-Zikuda: Emotions and Learning Strategies at School – Opportunities of Qualitative Content Analysis (32-50); Leo Gürtler: The role of subjective theories on love (51-65); Inge M. Lutz: Deciding which Kinds of Data to Collect in an Evaluative Study and Selecting a Setting for Data Collection and Analysis (66-76); Thomas Irion: Dynamics of a qualitative research design. An interactive approach to interactive reception (78-89); Ilze Plaude and Josef Held: Cross-cultural youth research as an international and interdisciplinary cooperation project: "International Learning" (90-98). Group II: Examples of Applications of Qualitative Methods, Part II - Discussion (summarized by Mechthild Kiegelmann) (99-101); Silke-Birgitta Gahleitner: Ways of combining qualitative and quantitative procedures exemplified in a study on the gender-specifics of coping with sexual violence (102-116); Mechthild Kiegelmann: Qualitative Research With a Genuine Psychological Approach: The Method of Voice Analysis (117-134); Tamara Beauboeuf: Toward a method of ideological becoming (135-142); Carlos Kölbl: Methods which are accommodated to their research object: On the adequate investigation of historical consciousness at youth age (143-149); Stephan Marks: Research Project 'History and Memory' (Geschichte und Erinnerung) (150-154); Antonio Medina Rivilla, M. Concepción Domínguez Garrido, Ramón Pérez Pérez, Tiberio Feliz Murias: Research Organization and Word Analysis from Discussion Groups about In-Practice Training (155-173); Antonio Medina Rivilla, M. Concepción Domínguez Garrido, Ramón Pérez Pérez, Tiberio Feliz Murias: Coding, Inquiring, and Analysis of Data from Discussion Groups about In-Practice Training (174-201). Group III: Specific Methodological Questions - Discussion (summarized by Günter L. Huber) (201-205); Günter L. Huber: The Analysis of Qualitative Data as Process of Classification (206-216); Gerhard Kleining, Thomas Burkart: Group-Based Dialogic Introspection and its Use in Qualitative Media Research (217-239); Julia Nentwich: The Process of Understanding in Qualitative Social Research (241-245); Bernd Reinhoffer: Forming Categories in Qualitative Data Analysis. The Teaching Research Project "Teachers' Attitude and Practice concerning Elementary Science in Primary School" (246-261); Hannu Soini: The Contribution of Qualitative Approaches to Learning Research: A Critical Incident Technique as a Research Method for Studying Student Learning (262-273); Leo Gürtler, Josef Held, Günter L. Huber, Mechthild Kiegelmann: Contributions of Qualitative Approaches to Psychological Inquiry (274-282)