Trademark and patent applications are structurally near-identical and cointegrated: Implications for studies in innovation

Objective. This paper seeks to test the existence of a “long-run” equilibrium (LRE) dynamic between trademarks and patents, as it would suggest that similar exogenous pressures concomitantly drive these metrics. The restraint in the divergence of the two indices supports an important aspect of the Innovation Agenda, a normative intellectual property (IP)-centric model of the firm, whereby the corporate strategy of science and technology firms is defined by constructing and communicating IP. Design/Methodology/Approach. Empirical analysis using descriptive statistics, wavelet, cointegration, and structural break analysis is applied to monthly US trademark and patent applications from 1977-2016 to test the potential for LRE. Results/Discussion. This work finds that the indices have similar (identical) structural attributes (including distribution characteristics, seasonal variation, and short-term cross-periodicity) and are cointegrated (I(1)). Further, structural breakpoints were (near) simultaneous (Trademarks: 1987, 1993, 1999, 2005, 2011; Patents: 1988, 1994, 2000, and 2011). A discussion of potential triggers causing these breaks and the concept of equilibrium in the context of these proxy measures is presented. Conclusions. From the study, likely, US trademark and patent applications are intimately linked; thus, increasing the likelihood that the Innovation Agenda may correctly capture at least one aspect of the firm. As a corollary, this work further supports the inclusion of trademark analysis in innovation studies. The limitations of the approach including study design are presented. Originality/Value. To the author’s knowledge, the existence of an LRE of trademarks and patents in the framework of the Innovation Agenda is a novel contribution

Essays in innovation, inequality and risk

Cette thèse s'articule autour de trois chapitres en économie de l'innovation et de la science. Pour ce faire, elle développe des modèles empiriques et théoriques pour analyser l'innovation technologique et scientifique et produire des recommandations politiques. Le premier chapitre utilise l'apprentissage automatique et les sciences de données pour construire un indicateur de l'innovation technologique. À l'aide d'une base de données unique sur les brevets au Canada, nous construisons un indice de qualité des brevets pour répondre à deux questions principales : l'absence d'une base de données systématique sur les brevets et leur valeur au Canada ainsi que l'évaluation du secteur pharmaceutique, l'un des principaux secteurs leaders de l'innovation au Canada . Les résultats révèlent que notre indice de qualité est lié à la performance économique des entreprises, à leur productivité et à la productivité agrégée. Le deuxième chapitre examine les innovations dans la recherche universitaire. Plus précisément, se focalisant sur les sciences économiques, ce chapitre vise à relier l'innovation et les inégalités en analysant la reconnaissance des idées des femmes. Des données bibliométriques issues de la recherche en économie sont utilisées pour étudier les biais de genre dans les citations. Sur la base des techniques d'apprentissage profond, on peut (1) établir les similitudes entre les articles (2) établir un lien entre les articles en identifiant les articles qui citent, les articles cités et les articles qui devraient être cités. Cette étude révèle qu'en moyenne, les articles qui ne sont pas cités sont 20% plus susceptibles d'être écrits par des femmes que par des hommes. Ce biais d'omission est plus répandu lorsqu'il n'y a que des hommes dans l'article citant. Dans l'ensemble, pour avoir le même niveau de citation que les articles rédigés par des hommes, les articles rédigés par des femmes doivent être supérieurs de 20 centiles dans la distribution du degré d'innovation de l'article. Enfin, le dernier chapitre analyse l'innovation dans une perspective plus macroéconomique, en se concentrant sur les entrepreneurs. En effet, les entrepreneurs sont au cœur du développement économique et de l'innovation. Cependant, l'activité entrepreneurial reste très risquée. Quelles sont donc les opportunités de diversification des risques d'investissement pour les entrepreneurs ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous étudions le rôle de l'intégration financière. Avec un modèle théorique en temps continu et avec des agents hétérogènes, nous montrons que l'ouverture financière produit des gains de bien-être substantiels pour les entrepreneurs et peut donc les aider à diversifier le risque d'investissement. Nos résultats sont également étayés par une analyse empirique.This thesis is organized into three chapters in the economics of innovation and science. In doing so, it develops empirical and theoretical models to analyze technological and scientific innovation and produce policy recommendations. The first chapter uses data science and big data techniques to build an indicator of technological innovation. Using a unique database on patents in Canada, we build a patent quality index to answer two main questions: the absence of a systematic database on patents and their value in Canada and the evaluation of the pharmaceutical sector, one of the leading innovating sectors in Canada. The results reveal that our quality index is linked to the economic performance of firms, their productivity, and aggregate productivity. The second chapter looks at innovations in academic research. Specifically, focusing on economics, this chapter aims to connect innovation and inequality by analyzing the recognition of women's ideas in the field. Bibliometric data from research in economics are used to investigate gender biases in citation patterns. Based on deep learning and machine learning techniques, one can (1) establish the similarities between papers (2) build a link between articles by identifying the papers citing, cited and that should be cited. This study finds that, on average, omitted papers are 20% more likely to be female-authored than male-authored. This omission bias is more prevalent when there are only males in the citing paper. Overall, to have the same level of citation as papers written by males, papers written by females need to be 20 percentiles upper in the distribution of the degree of innovativeness of the paper. Finally, the last chapter analyzes innovation from a more macroeconomic perspective, focusing on entrepreneurs. Indeed, entrepreneurs are at the core of economic development and innovation. However, entrepreneurship remains very risky. What are the opportunities for investment risk diversification for entrepreneurs? To answer this question, we investigate the role of financial integration. With a theoretical model featuring a continuous-time dimension with heterogeneous agents, we show that financial openness produces substantial welfare gains for entrepreneurs and therefore can help its agents to diversify the investment risk. Our results are also supported by empirical analysis

Study on open science: The general state of the play in Open Science principles and practices at European life sciences institutes

Nowadays, open science is a hot topic on all levels and also is one of the priorities of the European Research Area. Components that are commonly associated with open science are open access, open data, open methodology, open source, open peer review, open science policies and citizen science. Open science may a great potential to connect and influence the practices of researchers, funding institutions and the public. In this paper, we evaluate the level of openness based on public surveys at four European life sciences institute

Tickets to the global market: first US patent awards and Chinese firm exports

We investigate how international patent activity enables firms from emerging economies to thrive in the global marketplace. We match Chinese customs data to US patent records and leverage the quasi-random assignment of USPTO patent examiners to identify the causal effect of a US patent grant on the subsequent export performance of Chinese firms. Successful first-time patent applicants achieve significantly higher export growth, compared to otherwise similar first-time applicants that failed. This effect operates only in small part through market protection for technologically patent-related products in the US and is largely driven by expansion in other markets. The response across destinations and products reveals that a US patent award signals the Chinese firm's capacity to produce high-quality products and credibility to honor contracts, mitigating information frictions in international trade. There is little evidence for the relaxation of financial constraints or the promotion of follow-on innovation

Congress UPV Proceedings of the 21ST International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators

This is the book of proceedings of the 21st Science and Technology Indicators Conference that took place in València (Spain) from 14th to 16th of September 2016. The conference theme for this year, ‘Peripheries, frontiers and beyond’ aimed to study the development and use of Science, Technology and Innovation indicators in spaces that have not been the focus of current indicator development, for example, in the Global South, or the Social Sciences and Humanities. The exploration to the margins and beyond proposed by the theme has brought to the STI Conference an interesting array of new contributors from a variety of fields and geographies. This year’s conference had a record 382 registered participants from 40 different countries, including 23 European, 9 American, 4 Asia-Pacific, 4 Africa and Near East. About 26% of participants came from outside of Europe. There were also many participants (17%) from organisations outside academia including governments (8%), businesses (5%), foundations (2%) and international organisations (2%). This is particularly important in a field that is practice-oriented. The chapters of the proceedings attest to the breadth of issues discussed. Infrastructure, benchmarking and use of innovation indicators, societal impact and mission oriented-research, mobility and careers, social sciences and the humanities, participation and culture, gender, and altmetrics, among others. We hope that the diversity of this Conference has fostered productive dialogues and synergistic ideas and made a contribution, small as it may be, to the development and use of indicators that, being more inclusive, will foster a more inclusive and fair world

Modern Problems of Scientometric Assessment of Publication Activity

As is known, an objective assessment of scientific activity is one of the most difficult problems, in terms of the relationship within itself as well as with society. However, for many decades, the significance of scientists’ contribution to the development of the corresponding branch of science was assessed by the scientific community only by meaningful qualitative criteria, wherein the principle and mechanism of such an assessment was actually intuitive and defied quantitative description. That is why the urgent task was undertaken to create a system for evaluating scientific activity based on some objective indicators of the activity of a particular scientist; in search of such criteria, in the 1970s–1980s, the term “citation index” appeared. Although a close examination of this indicator revealed its limitations and in a number of cases even inadequacy in assessing scientific activity, it has nevertheless since the 1990s gained very wide popularity in the scientific community. This has contributed to the emergence of numerous works aimed at finding new and ideal indicators for assessing publication activity (so-called bibliometric indices). To date, several dozen such indices have been proposed, the most significant of which was the so-called Hirsch index or h-index. Nevertheless, despite the incredibly significant advances in this specific area of sociology, the above problem is still far from resolved. In this regard, the key task of this Special Issue is to familiarize its readers with the latest achievements both in the search for new, more advanced bibliometric indicators and in the improvement of existing ones

Intellectual Property Management in Health and Agricultural Innovation: A Handbook of Best Practices, Vol. 1

Prepared by and for policy-makers, leaders of public sector research establishments, technology transfer professionals, licensing executives, and scientists, this online resource offers up-to-date information and strategies for utilizing the power of both intellectual property and the public domain. Emphasis is placed on advancing innovation in health and agriculture, though many of the principles outlined here are broadly applicable across technology fields. Eschewing ideological debates and general proclamations, the authors always keep their eye on the practical side of IP management. The site is based on a comprehensive Handbook and Executive Guide that provide substantive discussions and analysis of the opportunities awaiting anyone in the field who wants to put intellectual property to work. This multi-volume work contains 153 chapters on a full range of IP topics and over 50 case studies, composed by over 200 authors from North, South, East, and West. If you are a policymaker, a senior administrator, a technology transfer manager, or a scientist, we invite you to use the companion site guide available at http://www.iphandbook.org/index.html The site guide distills the key points of each IP topic covered by the Handbook into simple language and places it in the context of evolving best practices specific to your professional role within the overall picture of IP management

Labor Laws and Innovation

Stringent labor laws can provide firms a commitment device to not punish short-run failures and thereby spur their employees to pursue value-enhancing innovative activities. Using patents and citations as proxies for innovation, we identify this effect by exploiting the time-series variation generated by staggered country-level changes in dismissal laws. We find that within a country, innovation and economic growth are fostered by stringent laws governing dismissal of employees, especially in the more innovation-intensive sectors. Firm-level tests within the United States that exploit a discontinuity generated by the passage of the federal Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act confirm the cross-country evidence.