EFFECTIVE SEDIMENT CONTROL IN A RESERVOIR

Sedimentation in a reservoir cannot be avoided. The average rate of sedimentation on the storage volume reduction of a reservoir in the world is about 1 % per year (Yoon,1992), meanwhile, the storage volume reduction in several reservoir in Indonesia reaches 1,64% to 2,83% per year (Atmojo,2012). These sediment’s accumulations in the reservoir will continually reduce the storage volume, thus the intended functions of reservoirs for flood control (Atmojo, 2013), irrigation and water supply, electric generation, etc. will also reduced and not optimal. Some of sediment control measures have been practiced in reducing sediment accumulation in reservoirs around the world. In principle, there are two approaches i.e., reduce the sediment input to a reservoir by land conservation, construction of check dam, sand pocket, diversion channel, etc. and reduce the sedimentation in the reservoir by sluicing, turbidity current, dredging, and flushing (Morris and Fan, 1998; Emamgholizadeh et al., 2006). This paper presents the performance of sediment’s reduction from a reservoir by flushing, sluicing, and disturbing flushing based on some laboratories results (Atmojo,2012). It is expected that this paper can contribute to elicits some finding on the selection of which suitable method for sediment reduction from a reservoir

Water and food to 2025

The world's farmers will likely need to produce enough food to feed 8 billion people by 2025, and to do so they must have enough water to raise their crops. Yet farmers are already competing with industry, domestic water users, and the environment for access to the world's finite supply of water. Will available freshwater meet the rapidly growing demands for household, industrial, and environmental needs and still provide enough water to produce food for a burgeoning population? New research from IFPRI shows what steps policymakers and water users can take now to help ensure that water scarcity will not result in worsening hunger for the world's poorest people.

Irrigation and water resources in Latin America and the Caribbean: challenges and strategies

Latin America and the Caribbean are relatively well endowed with water resources. However, population growth and rapid urbanization are putting considerable pressure on water available for irrigation. Local and regional water scarcity problems are exacerbated by severe water quality problems; and wastewater is frequently used for irrigation. Moreover, prospects for new investments into irrigation development appear limited. This paper examines the factors underlying irrigation development in Latin America and the Caribbean, reviews the water supply situation, and describes trends in water demand and irrigated agriculture. The overall water management in the region is assessed, and recent trends in investments in the water sector, with a focus on large-scale irrigation systems, are analyzed. The paper concludes that in this context of accelerating demand and declining irrigation investments, new water development is not the primary solution to water resource challenges in the region. Much greater attention is needed on water policy and management reform to improve the efficiency and equity of irrigation and water supply systems.Water resources development Caribbean Area., Water-supply., Water use Management., Irrigation farming.,

Low Transmission to Elimination: Rural Development as a Key Determinant of the End-Game Dynamics of Schistosoma japonicum in China.

Rural development has been a critical component of China's economic miracle since the start of economic reform in the early 1980s, both benefiting from and contributing to the nation's rapid economic growth. This development has yielded substantial improvements of public health relevance, including contributing to major reductions in schistosomiasis prevalence. The history of schistosomiasis elimination in Japan suggests that development played a dominant causal role in that nation. We argue that it is highly probable that a similar story is playing out in at least some large regions of China. In particular, we summarize evidence from Sichuan Province which supports the case that economic development has led to improvements in rural irrigation and water supply which, together with changes in crop selection and agricultural mechanization, have all contributed to sustainable reductions in the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum. The two major factors that have experienced major reductions are the area of snail habitat and the degree of human exposure, both through a variety of mechanisms which differ by region and economic circumstance. However, hotspots of transmission remain. Overall, however, economic development in traditionally endemic areas has provided the resources to carry out projects that have had major beneficial impacts on disease transmission that are likely to be sustainable

Decentralizing water resource management : economic incentives, accountability, and assurance

Private sector involvement and user participation in water resource management are not new, say the authors. They give examples that demonstrate how willing users and the private sector are able to improve water use and play a larger role in water resources management. User participation and private sector involvement, if properly structured, can provide the incentives needed to stabilize and improve the efficiency of irrigation and water supply systems. They can add flexibility, transparency, and accountability and can reduce the state's administrative and financial burden. A 1989 World Bank review of 21 impact evaluations of irrigation projects, for example, found cost recovery to be excellent in those projects in which water management and operations and maintenance had been entrusted to water users. Greater private sector and user participation can effectively increase user responsibility for managing and financing water projects while freeing governments to focus on broader water resource management concerns. The authors provide examples of decentralized water management in developing country water supply and irrigation systems. Governments should: more actively regulate private sector exploitation of groundwater, especially for irrigation; take measures to encourage price competition among private suppliers of water for both domestic and agricultural uses; and play an active role in organizing water user associations, especially for irrigation and rural water supply systems, and in giving them technical assistance. As numerous examples highlight, such activities should be designed to reduce the transaction costs of organizing and to establish a sense of assurance and accountability within the water user community. Once this is done, the community can deal with problems associated with excludability and unwillingness to pay.Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions,Water and Industry,Water Use,Water Conservation,Town Water Supply and Sanitation

Grey Model for Stream Flow Prediction

Abstract – Design, operation and planning of water resources, irrigation and water supply systems require estimation of stream flow. A grey system or stochastic approach is required for dealing with the hydrological complexities of mid and long-term stream flow prediction. Generally relatively long period data series of stream flow records is required for the prediction using stochastic methods. In developing countries like India, availability of long period hydrological records is a problem. Grey system theory is applicable in the case of unclear inner relationship, uncertain mechanisms and insufficient information and requires only small samples for parameter estimation. Stream flow records of Bharathapuzha river basin, Kerala, India is subjected to grey analysis. Model parameters were estimated using leastsquares method. Statistical indices for the developed models indicate their ability to predict stream flow in the river under study with reasonable accuracy

Strategic analysis of water institutions in India: application of a new research paradigm

Water management / Irrigation management / Institutions / Water law / Water rights / Water policy / Cost recovery / Price policy / Private sector / Public sector / Privatization / Financing / Conflict / Groundwater / Water market / Farmers’ associations / Water users’ associations / India