Aerosol Effect on the Mobility of Cloud Droplets

Cloud droplet mobility is referred to here as a measure of the droplets ability to move with ambient air. We claim that an important part of the aerosol effect on convective clouds is driven by changes in droplet mobility. We show that the mass-weighted average droplet terminal velocity, defined here as the effective terminal velocity (eta) and its spread (sigma_eta) serve as direct measures of this effect. Moreover, we develop analytical estimations for eta and sigma_eta to show that changes in the relative dispersion of eta (epsilon_eta = sigma_eta/eta) can serve as a sensitive predictor of the onset of droplet-collection processes.Comment: Published in ERL; 10 pages, 4 figure

Theoretical basis for convective invigoration due to increased aerosol concentration

The potential effects of increased aerosol loading on the development of deep convective clouds and resulting precipitation amounts are studied by employing the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model as a detailed high-resolution cloud resolving model (CRM) with both detailed bulk and bin microphysics schemes. Both models include a physically-based activation scheme that incorporates a size-resolved aerosol population. We demonstrate that the aerosol-induced effect is controlled by the balance between latent heating and the increase in condensed water aloft, each having opposing effects on buoyancy. It is also shown that under polluted conditions, increases in the CCN number concentration reduce the cumulative precipitation due to the competition between the sedimentation and evaporation/sublimation timescales. The effect of an increase in the IN number concentration on the dynamics of deep convective clouds is small and the resulting decrease in domain-averaged cumulative precipitation is shown not to be statistically significant, but may act to suppress precipitation. It is also shown that even in the presence of a decrease in the domain-averaged cumulative precipitation, an increase in the precipitation variance, or in other words, andincrease in rainfall intensity, may be expected in more polluted environments, especially in moist environments. A significant difference exists between the predictions based on the bin and bulk microphysics schemes of precipitation and the influence of aerosol perturbations on updraft velocity within the convective core. The bulk microphysics scheme shows little change in the latent heating rates due to an increase in the CCN number concentration, while the bin microphysics scheme demonstrates significant increases in the latent heating aloft with increasing CCN number concentration. This suggests that even a detailed two-bulk microphysics scheme, coupled to a detailed activation scheme, may not be sufficient to predict small changes that result from perturbations in aerosol loading

Perlakuan Invigorasi untuk Meningkatkan Mutu Fisiologis dan Kesehatan Benih Padi Hibrida Intani-2 Selama Penyimpanan

Storage condition and pathogen infection of seed can cause seed deteriorates faster. The rate of deterioration during storage could be slowed by seed invigoration, and pathogen infection could be elimited by application of natural pesticide. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of seed invigoration on seed physiological quality and health of Intani-2 hybrid rice seed during storage. All research activities were done at Laboratory of Quality Control and Plant Protection, PT. BISI International, Kediri, East Java. Split plot design was used in this experiment with 4 replications. Three seed lots of Intani-2 rice seed were used as main plot and 5 invigoration treatments were used as sub plot. Seed lot 1, 2 and 3 were harvested on 30 June 2012, 29 September 2012, and 2 November 2012, respectively. Invigoration treatments consisted of untreated, priming with ascorbic acid 40 ppm, osmoconditioning with KNO3 2%, osmoconditioning with PEG -0.2 MPa, and hydropriming. All invigoration treatments were added with clove oil 0.3%. Osmoconditioning with KNO3 2% + clove oil 0.3% was effective to maintain vigour index of seed lots 2 and 3 for up to 3 months storage. All seed invigoration treatments increased speed of germination before storage. Priming with ascorbic acid 40 ppm + clove oil 0.3% and osmoconditioning with PEG -0.2 MPa + clove oil 0.3% were effective to reduce the growth of Xanthomonas sp. on rice seeds monitored at 0, 2, and 3 months after storage

Leading in the Workplace

{Excerpt} Theories of leadership are divided: some underscore the primacy of personal qualities; others stress that systems are all-important. Both interpretations are correct: a larger pool of leaders is desirable all the time (and super leaders are necessary on occasion) but its development must be part of systemic invigoration of leadership in organizations. Leadership is a complex and contested subject. But there is no doubt that the consequences of modernity throw up unprecedented challenges that beg better understanding of its nature in organizations

Seed invigoration using ultrafine bubble water to increase the vigor of true shallot seed (Allium ascalonicum L.)

True shallot seeds are preferable to tubers as planting materials because of their advantages in storage longevity, lower management cost, and lower seed-borne disease risk. However, environmentally limited production and seed deterioration in uncontrolled storage have limited its application. Pre-sowing hydration invigoration accelerates and synchronizes the germination of deteriorated seeds. Ultra-fine bubble water (UFBW) contains reactive oxygen species, which can advance the pre-germinative metabolism of the seed. This study examined true shallot seed invigoration using UFBW. The experiment was conducted in a two-factor of randomized complete block design. The first factor was initial seed vigor based on the vigor index with six levels, i.e., 24, 15, 13, 12, 10, and 9%. The second factor was the invigoration treatment of UFBW (8 and 23 ppm dissolved oxygen concentrations) with two durations (24 and 48 h), 50 ppm GA3, and 3% KNO3 (24 h). UFBW with 23 ppm invigoration for 48 h improved seed vigor based on all vigor parameters. The GA3 50 ppm treatment is the most effective in increasing seed vigor. Keywords: dissolved oxygen; pre-sowing hydration; reactive oxygen species; seed viability; seed vigorTrue shallot seeds are preferable to tubers as planting materials because of their advantages in storage longevity, lower management cost, and lower seed-borne disease risk. However, environmentally limited production and seed deterioration in uncontrolled storage have limited its application. Pre-sowing hydration invigoration accelerates and synchronizes the germination of deteriorated seeds. Ultra-fine bubble water (UFBW) contains reactive oxygen species, which can advance the pre-germinative metabolism of the seed. This study examined true shallot seed invigoration using UFBW. The experiment was conducted in a two-factor of randomized complete block design. The first factor was initial seed vigor based on the vigor index with six levels, i.e., 24, 15, 13, 12, 10, and 9%. The second factor was the invigoration treatment of UFBW (8 and 23 ppm dissolved oxygen concentrations) with two durations (24 and 48 h), 50 ppm GA3, and 3% KNO3 (24 h). UFBW with 23 ppm invigoration for 48 h improved seed vigor based on all vigor parameters. The GA3 50 ppm treatment is the most effective in increasing seed vigor. Keywords: dissolved oxygen; pre-sowing hydration; reactive oxygen species; seed viability; seed vigo

Astronomically paced changes in overturning circulation in the Western North Atlantic during the middle Eocene

North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) currently redistributes heat and salt between Earth’s ocean basins, and plays a vital role in the ocean-atmosphere CO2 exchange. Despite its crucial role in today’s climate system, vigorous debate remains as to when deep-water formation in the North Atlantic started. Here, we present datasets from carbonate-rich middle Eocene sediments from the Newfoundland Ridge, revealing a unique archive of paleoceanographic change from the progressively cooling climate of the middle Eocene. Well-defined lithologic alternations between calcareous ooze and clay-rich intervals occur at the ∼41-kyr beat of axial obliquity. Hence, we identify obliquity as the driver of middle Eocene (43.5–46 Ma) Northern Component Water (NCW, the predecessor of modern NADW) variability. High-resolution benthic foraminiferal δ18O and δ13C suggest that obliquity minima correspond to cold, nutrient-depleted, western North Atlantic deep waters. We thus link stronger NCW formation with obliquity minima. In contrast, during obliquity maxima, Deep Western Boundary Currents were weaker and warmer, while abyssal nutrients were more abundant. These aspects reflect a more sluggish NCW formation. This obliquity-paced paleoceanographic regime is in excellent agreement with results from an Earth system model, in which obliquity minima configurations enhance NCW formation

Between fact and norm : narrative and the constitutionalization of founding moments

Both the subject who gives birth to a constitution and the time a constitution comes into being are part of the multifarious construct of the genesis of a constitution. The intertwinement of the constituent power (subject) and the founding moment (time) not only gives rise to issues at the centre of scholarship on constituent power but also speaks to ambiguities about the relationship between the founding moment and its ensuing constitutional order in constitutional theory. In this paper, I examine the question of the founding moment in constitutional scholarship in light of the antinomy between fact and norm. I argue that contemporary constitutional theories fail to account for the role of the founding moment in the constitutional order because they are absorbed in the narrow question of constitutional interpretation at the expense of making sense of the constitutional order. Drawing upon Robert Cover’s inspiring discussion of nomos and narratives, I contend that the founding moment is pivotal to the discovery of constitutional meaning as it stands as the reservoir of the enriching narratives about the birth and growth of a constitutional order. Through narratives, the founding moment is related to its ensuing constitutional order and thus ‘constitutionalized’, suggesting a broader understanding of interpretation in constitutional theory than contemporary constitutional theories assume. On this view, the founding moment is neither a mere historical fact nor a placeholder for universal norms. Rather, narratives about the founding moment concern more the invigoration of the existing constitutional order than its original foundation. Thus emerges an alternative attitude towards the unsettling concept of constituent power: the constituent power’s appeal does not so much lie in the substitution of a new constitutional order for the existing one as in its rejuvenation of the latter since it is reincarnated in the narratives-mediated constitutionalized founding moment

Political Magazines on Twitter during Election 2012: Framing, Uniting, Dividing

This study offers a content analysis of Twitter activity from 16 American political opinion magazines during the month before the 2012 presidential election. The study is an exploratory attempt to operationalize aspects of tweets that may contribute to frame alignment processes and mobilization among Twitter users. The analysis identifies these components and examines how political magazines’ Twitter activity may demonstrate aspects of this process. These magazines must consider both the normative goal of achieving specific political gains by mobilizing readers and the pragmatic goal of remaining sustainable as publishing enterprises. The degree to which their Twitter usage reflects frame alignment processes may not only reinforce political mobilization, but also affect the longevity of their publications. This analysis offers practical and theoretical insights into the changing role of political magazines in an increasingly digital era of political engagement

Invigorasi Priming untuk Perbaikan Mutu Fisiologis Benih Kapas (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Cotton seeds easily experience deterioration due to day are classified as oily seeds with a fat content of 32,5%, thus, they require proper storage management. Improper or too long storage can cause seed deterioration in which this deterioration can be overcome by applying priming method, especially for seeds that have low to moderate vigor. This current research aims to determine invigoration and soaking time on the physiological quality of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds using priming method. The research applies Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and encompasses two factors. The first factor is invigoration which consists of four levels including: Coconut Water, Shallot Extract, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and the second factor is soaking time which consists of three levels including: 6, 12, and 18 hours. In the meantime, the parameters observed are: germination rate, maximum growth potential, grouwth rate, grouwth uniformity, hypocotyl length, and radicle length. The research data are analyzed using ANOVA and continued with LSD with a level of 5%. The research findings indicate that there is no interaction between invigoration by priming and soaking time. In addition, the invigoration of priming affects the physiologycal quality of cotton seeds as indicated by germination rate, grouwth potential, and grouwth uniformity. The best result is obtained by invigoration using PEG 6000 while soaking time affects the physiological quality improvement of cotton seeds as indicated by the grouwth uniformity and length of hypocotyl in which the best result is a 12-hour soaking