Investigation of model parameter variation for tension control of a multi motor wire winding system

Tension is the force required to pull the wire against the accumulation of all resistance, forces and loads. Tension is one of the important controlled parameters in winding process in order to determine the quality of the product. Winding process in electric discharge machine (EDM) wire manufacturing is the last process before the product is packed and sent to customers. In EDM wire manufacturing process, incorrect tension will result in wire winding failure and wire straightness failure. Since it is the last process in EDM wire manufacturing, it is needed to ensure that there is no reject product contributed in this process. The increase of the pendulum dancer fluctuation and deviation angle when the winding diameter gets bigger especially when it is in high speed will course winding tension problem. This project mainly describes about the modelling of the system and the variation parameters that affects the system performance. The system performance is validated by changing the value of radius of winder

Síntesis de interpolación de los controladores para un sistema de accionamiento eléctrico multimotor que contiene un elemento enlazado elásticamente

Partial differential equations, integral, differential, or other equations describe multi-motor automatic electric drive systems containing elastic conveyor belts. Because of the elastic and distributive nature of the system parameters, the transfer function describing them is often a complex expression, containing not only the arguments as a linear system but also the inertial and transcendental components. This makes the precise control of tension and speed synchronously much more complicated than the centralized parameter system. A promising numerical solution based on the real interpolation method will simplify the procedure for synthesizing control loops while preserving the characteristic properties of objects with distributed parameters. The objective of the study is to propose a feasible solution for synthesizing the regulators based on the real interpolation method; it allows direct operation with the original transfer function containing the inertial and transcendental components. In this paper, we proposed an approach to synthesize the control system for objects with distributed parameters using the real interpolation method to reduce computational capacity and synthesis error while preserving the properties of this object class. Building an experimental model of the two-motor electric drive system containing an elastic conveyor to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The simulation and experimental results indicate that the control system with the received regulators operating stably and meets the required quality criteria. It proves the efficiency of the synthesis algorithm based on the real interpolation method.Introducción: los sistemas de accionamiento eléctrico multimotor que incluyen transportadores elásticos son un ejemplo de sistemas típicos con parámetros distribuidos descritos por ecuaciones complejas. Debido a la naturaleza elástica y distributiva de los parámetros del sistema, la función de transferencia que los describe suele ser una expresión compleja que contiene los componentes inercial y trascendental. Problema: la naturaleza elástica y distributiva de los parámetros del sistema hace que el control preciso de la tensión y la velocidad sincrónicamente sea mucho más complicado que el sistema de parámetros centralizados. Metodología: se propone una solución numérica para sintetizar los reguladores basada en el método de interpolación real para reducir la capacidad computacional y el error de síntesis preservando las propiedades características de los objetos con parámetros distribuidos. Conclusión: la eficacia del algoritmo propuesto se verifica mediante un modelo experimental del sistema de accionamiento eléctrico de dos motores que contiene un transportador elástico. Los resultados de simulación y experimentales indican que el sistema de control con los reguladores recibidos opera de manera estable y cumple con los criterios de calidad requeridos. Originalidad: los resultados de la investigación se pueden aplicar en el desarrollo de sistemas centrales de control y monitoreo para líneas de producción automáticas con sistemas de accionamiento multimotor que incluyen transportadores

High speed high power electrical machines

DEng ThesisHigh Speed High Power (HSHP) electrical machines push the limits of electromagnetics, material capabilities and construction techniques. In doing so they are able to match the power performance of high speed turbomachinery such as gas turbines, compressors and expanders. This makes them attractive options for direct coupling to such machinery as either a power source or as a generator; eliminating the need for gearboxes and achieving a smaller system size and greater reliability. The design of HSHP machines is a challenging, iterative process. Mechanical, electromagnetic and thermal constraints are all placed on the machine shape, topology, operating point and materials. The designer must balance all of these constraints to find a workable solution that is mechanically stable, can work within the available electrical supply and will not overheat. This thesis researches the fundamental origins and interaction of the mechanical, electromagnetic and thermal constraints on electrical machines. Particular attention was paid to improving the accuracy of traditional mechanical rotor design processes, and improving loss estimation in inverter fed machines. The issues of selecting an appropriate electric loading for low voltage machines and choosing effective, economic cooling strategies were explored in detail. An analytical iterative design process that combines mechanical, electromagnetic and thermal design is proposed; this process balances the need for speed versus accuracy for the initial design of a machine, with Finite Element Analysis used only for final validation of performance and losses. The design process was tested on the design and manufacture of a 1.1MW 30,000rpm PM dynamometer used in an industrial test stand. The machine operating point was chosen to meet a gap in the industrial machines market and exceed the capabilities of other commercially available machines of the same speed. The resulting machine was successfully tested and comfortably meets the performance criteria used in the design process

무절연 고온초전도 계자 권선의 초전도 동기 모터 적용성 연구

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 공과대학 전기·정보공학부, 2022. 8. 한승용.최근 지구온난화가 가속화됨에 따라 세계 각국에서는 탄소중립을 달성하기 위하여 온실가스 배출을 줄이기 위한 기술 연구를 활발하게 수행하고 있다. 온실가스 저감을 위한 노력은 전력시스템, 수송, 제조 산업, 생활 건물 등 사회 전 분야에서 이뤄지고 있다. 이중 특히 대형 화물 트럭, 선박 및 항공기를 포함하는 수송 분야에서는 온실가스 배출을 획기적으로 절감하기 위하여 기존 화석연료 기반 추진 시스템을 대체할 수 있는 수소 혹은 전기 에너지 기반의 새로운 고성능 추진 시스템의 개발이 요구되고 있다. 대체 연료에 기반한 추진 시스템 개발 시 중요하게 여겨지는 부분 중 하나는 경량화 및 소형화를 위한 추진 시스템의 출력 및 에너지 밀도의 향상이다. 고온초전도 모터를 기반으로 하는 전기추진 시스템은 고온초전도 코일의 높은 통전 전류를 기반으로 기존 상전도 기반 시스템을 뛰어넘는 높은 출력밀도를 달성할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다. 이에 따라 전기추진 항공기 등 차세대 수송 시스템에 적용하기 위한 고온초전도 전기추진 시스템 개발 프로젝트가 미국, 일본, 유럽을 포함한 선진국들을 중심으로 착수되어 진행되고 있다. 기존 고온초전도 모터의 기술적 난제 중 하나로써 고온초전도 계자 권선의 운전 안정성과 보호의 어려움이 지속적으로 논의되어 왔다. 이를 개선하기 위하여 무절연 고온초전도 권선 기술을 적용한 무절연 고온초전도 모터 개념이 제안되었다. 무절연 고온초전도 권선 기술은 초전도 턴간의 절연을 제거함으로써 고온초전도 코일의 운전 신뢰성을 크게 향상 시킨 기술로써, 퀜치 사고 시 코일의 보호에 매우 효과적임이 실험적으로 여러 차례 검증된 바 있다. 하지만, 턴간의 절연 제거로 인하여 무절연 고온초전도 계자 권선의 누설 전류가 발생에 따라 일반적인 절연된 계자 권선과 다소 다른 운전 특성을 보일 수 있으며, 이러한 무절연 특성에서 비롯된 운전 특성으로 인하여 무절연 계자 권선이 실제 모터에 적용 가능한 기술인지에 대한 논의가 필요하다. 이를 위해서, 무절연 계자 권선을 모터에 적용할 시 운전 특성을 해석하기 위한 모델의 수립과 실험을 통한 특성 분석 연구가 요구된다. 본 연구에서는, 무절연 고온초전도 계자 권선의 초전도 모터에의 적용 가능성에 대하여 논의하였다. 이를 위하여 기존에 제시된 절연 초전도 코일과 무절연 초전도 코일의 해석 기법들을 바탕으로, 무절연 특성이 반영된 무절연 고온초전도 모터의 해석 모델을 최초로 제시하고 이를 바탕으로한 해석을 수행하였다. 또한, 실제 실험을 통한 특성 분석을 위하여 무절연 계자 권선을 적용한 특성 시험 장치의 설계 및 제작을 수행하였다. 액체질소 기반 냉각 시스템과 초전도 모터 시험을 위한 다이나모 실험 장치를 구축하였으며, 설계 시 고려되어야 하는 주요 전기적, 구조적, 열적 특성을 분석하여 이를 설계에 반영하였다. 구축한 시험장치를 이용하여 무절연 계자 권선이 적용된 시험용 모터를 다양한 조건에서 운전을 수행하였고, 이 때 나타나는 무절연 고온초전도 계자 권선의 응답 특성을 최초로 관측하고 정리하였다. 무절연 고온초전도 계자 권선에서 나타나는 응답 특성의 원인을 시험 시스템의 조건을 고려하여 제안한 해석모델을 통해 분석하였고, 이러한 무절연 고온초전도 계자 권선의 응답이 모터의 운전 특성에 어떠한 영향을 미칠 수 있는지 논의하였다. 마지막으로, 실제 모터에 무절연 고온초전도 계자권선을 적용하기 위한 개선점들과 추가적인 연구의 필요성에 대하여 정리하였다.As global warming becomes a significant issue in recent years, major countries around the world are actively developing technical solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in all areas of society to achieve carbon neutrality. Major fields requiring greenhouse gas reduction can be broadly classified into power systems, buildings, transportation, and industry. In particular, in the transportation field, which includes the operation of large cargo trucks, ships, and aircraft, the development of a new high-performance propulsion system based on alternative fuels like hydrogen or electricity is necessary to replace the conventional fossil fuel-based propulsion system. One of the important aspects in the development of an alternative fuel-based propulsion system is the improvement of the power density and energy density to achieve lightweight and small sizes. An electric propulsion system adopting a superconducting motor is expected to achieve high power density based on the high current density of a superconductor coil compared to a non-superconducting counterpart. Hence, for the development of eco-friendly propulsion systems in the next generation, various superconducting propulsion system development projects have been launched and conducted. The operation reliability and protection problem of high-temperature superconductor (HTS) winding have been one of the key challenges for conventional HTS motors. A new concept of a no-insulation (NI) HTS motor adopting an NI HTS coil as a field winding was proposed to improve the operation reliability and protection of the HTS motor. NI HTS winding technology, which intentionally removes insulation between turns of the HTS coil, has been used to construct ultra-high field superconductor magnets, and its improved protection performance has been experimentally verified several times. However, in the case of a field winding in a superconducting motor, NI HTS field winding might affect the operating characteristics of the motor and could operate differently from those of the conventional insulated field winding, due to the leakage current between turns. Due to the unknown operation characteristics that might be derived from unique NI behaviors, it is necessary to discuss whether NI HTS field winding can be a potential option applicable to actual motors. Therefore, derivation of the analysis model and experimental verification are necessary to understand the operating characteristics of an NI HTS motor. In this study, the applicability of NI HTS field winding to superconducting motors was discussed. First, based on the previously presented analysis techniques for insulated HTS coils and NI HTS coils, the first analysis model of a NI HTS motor considering NI characteristics was presented, and an analysis of operation characteristics was performed based on the suggested model. In addition, for the experimental investigations, the design and construction of a test machine with NI HTS field winding and an experiment system were conducted. The liquid nitrogen-based cooling system and dynamo test facility were constructed and major electrical, structural, and thermal characteristics that should be considered in the design were analyzed and applied to the system. The test motor with NI HTS field winding was operated under various conditions, and the nonlinear responses of NI HTS field winding were observed for the first time. The mechanism of the observed nonlinear responses of the NI HTS field winding was analyzed through the proposed analysis model considering the conditions of the test system, and how these responses of the NI HTS field winding could affect the operating characteristics of the motor was discussed. Finally, additional required studies and improvements for applying NI HTS field winding to actual motors were discussed.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Superconducting Electric Propulsion System for Next-generation Mobility 1 1.1.1 Requirements of Alternative-fueled Transportation for Net-zero 2050 1 1.1.2 Basic Concept and General Properties of Superconducting Motor 5 1.1.3 Previous Cases, Current Trends, and Key Challenges 8 1.2 No-insulation High-temperature Superconductor Coil as Potential Technical Solution for Superconducting Motor 13 1.2.1 Background of No-insulation High-temperature Superconductor Coil 14 1.2.2 Applicability of No-insulation High-temperature Superconductor Coil to Superconducting Motor 17 1.2.3 What Needs to be Studied for NI HTS Motor: Requirements of Analysis Model and Experimental Study 20 1.3 Goal and Significance of this Study 22 1.4 Structure of the Thesis 23 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ON SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SUPERCONDUCTOR WIRE 25 2.1 Superconductivity 25 2.2 Classification of Superconductors 26 2.2.1 Type-I and Type-II Superconductor 26 2.2.2 Low-temperature Superconductor and High-temperature Superconductor 27 2.3 Key Properties of (RE)Ba2Cu3O7x Coated Conductor 30 3 ANALYSIS METHODS OF COIL AND ROTATING MACHINE ADOPTING NO-INSULATION TECHNIQUE 33 3.1 Electromagnetic Analysis Model of Superconductor Coil 34 3.1.1 Magnetic Field Analysis Based on Finite Element Method 34 3.1.2 Critical Current Estimation with Load Line Method 37 3.2 Analysis Model of NI Characteristics in NI HTS Coil 38 3.3 The First Non-linear Analysis Models for NI HTS Motor 44 3.3.1 Equivalent Circuit Model of Synchronous Motor with NI HTS Field Winding 44 3.3.2 Finite Element Method Analysis Model Combined with Lumped Parameter Circuit Model 46 4 DESIGN OF TEST MACHINE AND EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM FOR APPLICABILITY TEST OF NI HTS FIELD WINDING 49 4.1 Electromagnetic Design of Test Machine for Experiment 49 4.1.1 Purpose of Test System and Overall Design Directions 50 4.1.2 Electromagnetic Design Based on Parameter Sweep 52 4.1.3 Operation Characteristics Analysis of Designed Test Machine 59 4.2 Rotor Assembly and Cryogenic System Design for Experiment 73 4.2.1 Rotor Assembly Design and Mechanical Characteristics Analysis 75 4.2.2 LN2 Chamber Design and Thermal Loss Estimation 82 4.2.3 Conceptual Design of Dynamo Test System with LN2 Cooling 92 5 CONSTRUCTION OF TEST MACHINE AND EXPERIMENT SYSTEM 95 5.1 Fabrication of NI HTS Racetrack Coils 95 5.1.1 NI HTS Single Pancake Racetrack Coil Winding 95 5.1.2 Performance Inspection of Wound NI HTS Racetrack Coils 97 5.2 Construction of Test Machine with Wound NI HTS Racetrack Coils 101 5.3 Experiment System Construction 105 5.3.1 Construction of Axial Type Dynamo Test System 105 5.3.2 Power Supply, Motor Drive System, and Measurement Instruments 107 6 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON APPLICABILITY OF NI HTS FIELD WINDING TO SUPERCONDUCTING MOTOR 110 6.1 Overview on Tests: Key Questions, Test Plans, and Test Procedure 111 6.1.1 Theoretical Expectations Based on Suggested Analysis Model 111 6.1.2 Test Plans and Overall Test Procedure 112 6.2 Test 1: Interaction Between Stator Winding and NI HTS Field Winding 115 6.2.1 Experiment Scenarios, Results, and Key Findings 115 6.2.2 Detailed Analysis on Response of NI HTS Field Winding 119 6.3 Test 2: Steady-state Operation Characteristics of NI HTS Test Machine 121 6.3.1 Selected Experiment Results and Key Findings 121 6.3.2 Detailed Analysis on Ripple Response of NI HTS FieldWinding 128 6.4 Test 3: Transient Operation Characteristics of NI HTS Test Machine 135 6.4.1 Experiment Scenarios, Results, and Key Findings 136 6.4.2 Detailed Analysis on Transient Behavior of NI HTS FieldWinding 138 6.5 Experiment Summary and Lessons Learned 144 6.5.1 Summary on Key Findings 144 6.5.2 Lessons Learned, Potential Challenges, and Required Improvements 145 7 CONCLUSION 151 A APPENDICES 154 A.1 Bending Strain of REBCO Coated Conductor 154 A.2 Derivation of Effective Mechanical Properties 155 A.3 Stability and Protection Properties of NI HTS Coil 160 A.4 Detailed Simulink Modeling for Transient Simulation 165 Bibliography 170 Abstract (In Korean) 186박

Design definition of a mechanical capacitor

A design study and analyses of a 10 kW-hr, 15 kW mechanical capacitor system was studied. It was determined that magnetically supported wheels constructed of advanced composites have the potential for high energy density and high power density. Structural concepts are analyzed that yield the highest energy density of any structural design yet reported. Particular attention was paid to the problem of 'friction' caused by magnetic and I to the second power R losses in the suspension and motor-generator subsystems, and low design friction levels have been achieved. The potentially long shelf life of this system, and the absence of wearing parts, provide superior performance over conventional flywheels supported with mechanical bearings. Costs and economies of energy storage wheels were reviewed briefly

Modelling and Control of an Annular Momentum Control Device

The results of a modelling and control study for an advanced momentum storage device supported on magnetic bearings are documented. The control challenge posed by this device lies in its dynamics being such a strong function of flywheel rotational speed. At high rotational speed, this can lead to open loop instabilities, resulting in requirements for minimum and maximum control bandwidths and gains for the stabilizing controllers. Using recently developed analysis tools for systems described by complex coefficient differential equations, the closed properties of the controllers were analyzed and stability properties established. Various feedback controllers are investigated and discussed. Both translational and angular dynamics compensators are developed, and measures of system stability and robustness to plant and operational speed variations are presented

Design, taking into account the partial discharges phenomena, of the electrical insulation system (EIS) of high power electrical motors for hybrid electric propulsion of future regional aircrafts

La réduction des émissions de CO2 est un enjeu majeur pour l'Europe dans les années à venir. Les transports sont aujourd'hui à l'origine de 24% des émissions globales de CO2. L'aviation ne représente que 2% des émissions globales de CO2. Cependant, le trafic aérien est en pleine expansion et, déjà, des inquiétudes apparaissent. A titre d'exemple, en Suède, depuis les années 1990, les émissions de CO2 dues au trafic aérien ont augmenté de 61%. Ce constat explique l'apparition du mouvement "Flygskam" qui se repend dans de plus en plus de pays Européen. C'est dans ce contexte que l'Union Européenne a lancé en septembre 2016 le projet Hybrid Aircraft Academic research on Thermal and Electrical Components and Systems (HASTECS). Le consortium regroupe différents laboratoires et Airbus. Ce projet s'inscrit dans le programme "Clean Sky 2" qui vise à développer une aviation plus verte. L'objectif ambitieux est de réduire de 20% les émissions de CO2 et le bruit produits par les avions d'ici 2025. Pour cela, le consortium étudie une architecture hybride de type série. La propulsion est assurée par des moteurs électriques. Deux cibles ont été définies. En 2025, les moteurs doivent atteindre une densité de puissance de 5kW/kg, système de refroidissement inclus. En 2035, la densité de puissance des moteurs sera doublée pour atteindre 10kW/kg. Pour atteindre ces cibles, le niveau de tension sera considérablement augmenté, au-delà du kilovolt. Le risque de décharges électriques dans les stators des moteurs électriques est considérablement accru. L'objectif de cette thèse est de mettre au point un outil d'aide au design du Système d'Isolation Electrique (SIE) primaire du stator de moteur électrique piloté par convertisseur. Elle est découpée en cinq parties. La première partie commence par préciser les enjeux et défis d'une aviation plus verte. Le SIE du stator de moteur électrique est développé. Enfin, les contraintes qui s'appliquent sur le SIE dans l'environnement aéronautique sont identifiées. La deuxième partie présente les différents types de décharges électriques que l'on peut retrouver. Le principal risque vient des Décharges Partielles (DP) qui détériorent peu à peu le SIE. Le principal mécanisme pour expliquer l'apparition des DP est l'avalanche électronique. Le critère de Paschen permet d'évaluer le Seuil d'Apparition des Décharges Partielles (SADP). Différentes techniques permettent de détecter et mesurer l'activité des DP. Des modèles numériques permettent d'évaluer le SADP. La troisième partie présente une méthode originale pour déterminer les lignes de champ électrique dans un problème électrostatique. Elle n'utilise qu'une formulation en potentiel scalaire. La quatrième partie présente une étude expérimentale pour établir une correction du critère de Paschen. Un bobinage de moteur électrique est très loin des hypothèses dans lesquelles ce critère a été originellement défini. Enfin, la cinquième partie est consacrée à l'élaboration de l'outil d'aide au design du SIE. Des abaques sont construites afin de fournir des recommandations sur le dimensionnement des différents isolants dans une encoche de stator. Une réduction du SADP due à une variation combinée de la température et de la pression est prise en compte.Reducing CO2 emissions is a major challenge for Europe in the years to come. Nowadays, transport is the source of 24% of global CO2 emissions. Aviation accounts for only 2% of global CO2 emissions. However, air traffic is booming and concerns are emerging. For instance, CO2 emissions from air traffic have increased by 61% in Sweden since the 1990s. This explains the emergence of the "Flygskam" movement which is spreading in more and more European countries. It is in this context that the European Union launched in September 2016 the project Hybrid Aircraft Academic research on Thermal and Electrical Components and Systems (HASTECS). The consortium brings together different laboratories and Airbus. This project is part of the program "Clean Sky 2" which aims to develop a greener aviation. The ambitious goal is to reduce CO2 emissions and the noise produced by aircraft by 20% by 2025. To do that, the consortium is studying a serial hybrid architecture. Propulsion is provided by electric motors. Two targets are defined. In 2025, the engines must reach a power density of 5kW/kg, including the cooling system. In 2035, the power density of the engines will be doubled to reach 10kW/kg. To reach these targets, the voltage level will be considerably increased, beyond one kilovolt. The risk of electric discharges in the stators of electric motors is considerably increased. The objective of this thesis is to develop a tool to assist in the design of the primary Electrical Insulation System (EIS) of the stator of an electric motor controlled by a converter. It is organized in 5 parts. The first part begins by clarifying the issues and challenges of a greener aviation. The electric motor stator EIS is developed. Finally, the constraints that apply to the EIS in the aeronautical environment are identified. The second part presents the different types of electric discharges that can be found. The main risk comes from Partial Discharges (PD) which gradually deteriorate the EIS. The main mechanism for explaining the appearance of PD is the electronic avalanche. The Paschen criterion makes it possible to evaluate the Partial Discharge Inception Voltage (PDIV). Different techniques are used to detect and measure the activity of PD. Numerical models are used to evaluate the PDIV. The third part presents an original method for determining the electric field lines in an electrostatic problem. It only uses a scalar potential formulation. The fourth part presents an experimental study to establish a correction of the Paschen criterion. An electric motor winding is very far from the hypotheses in which this criterion was originally defined. Finally, the fifth part is devoted to the development of the SIE design aid tool. Graphs are generated to provide recommendations on the sizing of the various insulators in a stator slot. A reduction in the PDIV due to a combined variation in temperature and pressure is taken into account