IoB-DTN: a lightweight DTN protocol for mobile IoT Applications to smart bike sharing systems

International audienceInformation and communication are key to the intelligent city of tomorrow. Many technologies have been designed to connect smart devices to the Internet. In particular, public transport systems have been used to collect data from mobile devices. Public bike sharing systems have been introduced as part of the urban transportation system and could be used as the support of a mobile sensor network. In this paper, we introduce the "Internet of Bikes" IoB-DTN protocol which applies De-lay/Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN) paradigm to the Internet of Things (IoT) applications running on urban bike sharing system based sensor network. We evaluate the performance of three variants of IoB-DTN with four buffer management policies. Our results show that limiting the number of packet copies sprayed in the network and prioritizing generated packets against relayed ones, improves on low loss rate and delivery delay in urban bicycle scenario

Evaluation du protocole IoB-DTN pour l’application IoT mobile

Communication is essential to the coordination of public transport systems. Nowadays,cities are facing an increasing number of bikes used by citizens therefore the need of monitoringand managing their traffic becomes crucial. Public bike sharing system has been introducedas an urban transportation system that can collect data from mobile devices. In this context,we introduce "IoB-DTN", a protocol based on the Delay/Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN)paradigm adapted for an IoT-like applications running on bike sharing system based sensor network.This document presents the simulation results obtained by evaluating the Binary Spray andWait inspired variant of IoB-DTN with four buffer management policies and by comparing threevariants of IoB-DTN by varying the number of packet copies sprayed in the network.La communication est essentielle à la coordination des systèmes de transportpublic. De nos jours, les villes font face à un nombre élevé de vélos utilisés par les citoyens,d’où la nécessité de surveiller et de gérer leur trafic. Le système de partage de vélo public a étéintroduit en tant que un système de transport urbain capable de collecter des donnés à partirdes appareils mobiles. Dans ce contexte, nous introduisons « IoB-DTN » un protocole basésur le paradigme DTN (Delay / Disruption Tolerant Network), adapté aux applications de typeIoT et fonctionnant sur un réseau de capteurs basé sur un système de partage de vélos. Cedocument présente les résultats de simulation obtenus en évaluant la variante Binary Spray andWait inspirée de IoB-DTN avec quatre politiques de gestion de tampons et en comparant troisvariantes de IoB-DTN en faisant varier le nombre de copies de paquets diffusés dans le réseau

For An Efficient Internet of Bikes : A DTN Routing Protocol Based On Data Aggregation Approach

International audienceNowadays, cities are facing an increasing number of bikes used by citizens therefore the need of monitoring and managing their traffic becomes crucial. With the development of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) in smart city, public bike sharing system has been considered as an urban transportation system that can collect data from mobile devices. In such network, the biggest challenge for sensor nodes is to forward data to sinks in an energy efficient way because of the following limitations: limited energy resources, limited storage capacity and limited bandwidth. Data aggregation is a key mechanism to save energy consumption and network capacity. It can be defined as an approach to combine data of various sensors into a single packet, thus reducing sensor communication costs and achieving a longer network lifetime. The main contribution of this paper is to introduce an efficient, "Internet of Bikes", IoB-DTN routing protocol based on data aggregation being applied to mobile network IoT devices running a data collection application on urban bike sharing system based sensor network. We propose three variants of IoB-DTN: IoB based on spatial aggregation (IoB-SA), IoB based on temporal aggregation (IoB-TA) and IoB based on spatio-temporal aggregation (IoB-STA). We compare the three variants with the multi-hop IoB-DTN protocol without aggregation and the low-power long-range technology, LoRa type. Comparison results verify that the three variants of IoB-DTN based on data aggregation improve the delivery rate, energy consumption and throughput

A Comparative Evaluation of the Performance of the multi-hop IoB-DTN routing protocol

International audienceFollowing the trend of the Internet of Thing, public transport systems are seen as an efficient bearer of mobile devices to generate and collect data in urban environments. Bicycle sharing system is one part of the city's larger transport system. In this article, we study the "Internet of Bikes" IoB-DTN protocol which applies the Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) paradigm to the Internet of Things (IoT) applications running on urban bike sharing system based sensor network. We evaluate the performances of the protocol with respect to the transmission power. Performances are measured in terms of delivery rate, delivery delay, throughput and energy cost. We also compare the multi-hop IoB-DTN protocol to a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology. LPWAN have been designed to provide cost-effective wide area connectivity for small throughput IoT applications: multiyear lifetime and multikilometer range for battery-operated mobile devices. This work aims at providing network designers and managers insights on the most relevant technology for their urban applications that could run on bike sharing systems. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to provide a detailed performance comparison between multi-hop and long range DTN-like protocol being applied to mobile network IoT devices running a data collection applications in an urban environment

CoAP over BP for a Delay-Tolerant Internet of Things

International audienceWith the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) a myriad of new devices will become part of our everyday life. Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), and its extensions, are specifically designed to address the integration of these constrained devices. However, due to their limited resources, they are often unable to be fully connected and instead form intermittently connected and sparse networks in which Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) is more appropriate, in particular through the Bundle Protocol (BP). This paper addresses the implementation of a BP binding for CoAP as a means to enable Delay Tolerant IoT. After an overview of CoAP and BP, we present a basic implementation of CoAP/BP that we developed and some first experimentation results that validate the feasibility of the approach. Several leads are then explored regarding ways to take advantage of the BP features in order to achieve an optimized CoAP/BP implementation

Internet of Bikes: A DTN Protocol with Data Aggregation for Urban Data Collection

International audienceIntelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are an essential part of the global world. They play a substantial role for facing many issues such as traffic jams, high accident rates, unhealthy lifestyles, air pollution, etc. Public bike sharing system is one part of ITS and can be used to collect data from mobiles devices. In this paper, we propose an efficient, " Internet of Bikes " , IoB-DTN routing protocol based on data aggregation which applies the Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) paradigm to Internet of Things (IoT) applications running data collection on urban bike sharing system based sensor network. We propose and evaluate three variants of IoB-DTN: IoB based on spatial aggregation (IoB-SA), IoB based on temporal aggregation (IoB-TA) and IoB based on spatiotemporal aggregation (IoB-STA). The simulation results show that the three variants offer the best performances regarding several metrics, comparing to IoB-DTN without aggregation and the low-power long-range technology, LoRa type. In an urban application, the choice of the type of which variant of IoB should be used depends on the sensed values

Trustworthiness Mechanisms for Long-Distance Networks in Internet of Things

Aquesta tesi té com a objectiu aconseguir un intercanvi de dades fiable en un entorn hostil millorant-ne la confiabilitat mitjançant el disseny d'un model complet que tingui en compte les diferents capes de confiabilitat i mitjançant la implementació de les contramesures associades al model. La tesi se centra en el cas d'ús del projecte SHETLAND-NET, amb l'objectiu de desplegar una arquitectura d'Internet de les coses (IoT) híbrida amb comunicacions LoRa i d'ona ionosfèrica d'incidència gairebé vertical (NVIS) per oferir un servei de telemetria per al monitoratge del “permafrost” a l'Antàrtida. Per complir els objectius de la tesi, en primer lloc, es fa una revisió de l'estat de l'art en confiabilitat per proposar una definició i l'abast del terme de confiança. Partint d'aquí, es dissenya un model de confiabilitat de quatre capes, on cada capa es caracteritza pel seu abast, mètrica per a la quantificació de la confiabilitat, contramesures per a la millora de la confiabilitat i les interdependències amb les altres capes. Aquest model permet el mesurament i l'avaluació de la confiabilitat del cas d'ús a l'Antàrtida. Donades les condicions hostils i les limitacions de la tecnologia utilitzada en aquest cas d’ús, es valida el model i s’avalua el servei de telemetria a través de simulacions en Riverbed Modeler. Per obtenir valors anticipats de la confiabilitat esperada, l'arquitectura proposada es modela per avaluar els resultats amb diferents configuracions previ al seu desplegament en proves de camp. L'arquitectura proposada passa per tres principals iteracions de millora de la confiabilitat. A la primera iteració, s'explora l'ús de mecanismes de consens i gestió de la confiança social per aprofitar la redundància de sensors. En la segona iteració, s’avalua l’ús de protocols de transport moderns per al cas d’ús antàrtic. L’última iteració d’aquesta tesi avalua l’ús d’una arquitectura de xarxa tolerant al retard (DTN) utilitzant el Bundle Protocol (BP) per millorar la confiabilitat del sistema. Finalment, es presenta una prova de concepte (PoC) amb maquinari real que es va desplegar a la campanya antàrtica 2021-2022, descrivint les proves de camp funcionals realitzades a l'Antàrtida i Catalunya.Esta tesis tiene como objetivo lograr un intercambio de datos confiable en un entorno hostil mejorando su confiabilidad mediante el diseño de un modelo completo que tenga en cuenta las diferentes capas de confiabilidad y mediante la implementación de las contramedidas asociadas al modelo. La tesis se centra en el caso de uso del proyecto SHETLAND-NET, con el objetivo de desplegar una arquitectura de Internet de las cosas (IoT) híbrida con comunicaciones LoRa y de onda ionosférica de incidencia casi vertical (NVIS) para ofrecer un servicio de telemetría para el monitoreo del “permafrost” en la Antártida. Para cumplir con los objetivos de la tesis, en primer lugar, se realiza una revisión del estado del arte en confiabilidad para proponer una definición y alcance del término confiabilidad. Partiendo de aquí, se diseña un modelo de confiabilidad de cuatro capas, donde cada capa se caracteriza por su alcance, métrica para la cuantificación de la confiabilidad, contramedidas para la mejora de la confiabilidad y las interdependencias con las otras capas. Este modelo permite la medición y evaluación de la confiabilidad del caso de uso en la Antártida. Dadas las condiciones hostiles y las limitaciones de la tecnología utilizada en este caso de uso, se valida el modelo y se evalúa el servicio de telemetría a través de simulaciones en Riverbed Modeler. Para obtener valores anticipados de la confiabilidad esperada, la arquitectura propuesta es modelada para evaluar los resultados con diferentes configuraciones previo a su despliegue en pruebas de campo. La arquitectura propuesta pasa por tres iteraciones principales de mejora de la confiabilidad. En la primera iteración, se explora el uso de mecanismos de consenso y gestión de la confianza social para aprovechar la redundancia de sensores. En la segunda iteración, se evalúa el uso de protocolos de transporte modernos para el caso de uso antártico. La última iteración de esta tesis evalúa el uso de una arquitectura de red tolerante al retardo (DTN) utilizando el Bundle Protocol (BP) para mejorar la confiabilidad del sistema. Finalmente, se presenta una prueba de concepto (PoC) con hardware real que se desplegó en la campaña antártica 2021-2022, describiendo las pruebas de campo funcionales realizadas en la Antártida y Cataluña.This thesis aims at achieving reliable data exchange over a harsh environment by improving its trustworthiness through the design of a complete model that takes into account the different layers of trustworthiness and through the implementation of the model’s associated countermeasures. The thesis focuses on the use case of the SHETLAND-NET project, aiming to deploy a hybrid Internet of Things (IoT) architecture with LoRa and Near Vertical Incidence Skywave (NVIS) communications to offer a telemetry service for permafrost monitoring in Antarctica. To accomplish the thesis objectives, first, a review of the state of the art in trustworthiness is carried out to propose a definition and scope of the trustworthiness term. From these, a four-layer trustworthiness model is designed, with each layer characterized by its scope, metric for trustworthiness accountability, countermeasures for trustworthiness improvement, and the interdependencies with the other layers. This model enables trustworthiness accountability and assessment of the Antarctic use case. Given the harsh conditions and the limitations of the use technology in this use case, the model is validated and the telemetry service is evaluated through simulations in Riverbed Modeler. To obtain anticipated values of the expected trustworthiness, the proposal has been modeled to evaluate the performance with different configurations prior to its deployment in the field. The proposed architecture goes through three major iterations of trustworthiness improvement. In the first iteration, using social trust management and consensus mechanisms is explored to take advantage of sensor redundancy. In the second iteration, the use of modern transport protocols is evaluated for the Antarctic use case. The final iteration of this thesis assesses using a Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) architecture using the Bundle Protocol (BP) to improve the system’s trustworthiness. Finally, a Proof of Concept (PoC) with real hardware that was deployed in the 2021-2022 Antarctic campaign is presented, describing the functional tests performed in Antarctica and Catalonia