FingerReader: A Wearable Device to Explore Printed Text on the Go

Accessing printed text in a mobile context is a major challenge for the blind. A preliminary study with blind people reveals numerous difficulties with existing state-of-the-art technologies including problems with alignment, focus, accuracy, mobility and efficiency. In this paper, we present a finger-worn device, FingerReader, that assists blind users with reading printed text on the go. We introduce a novel computer vision algorithm for local-sequential text scanning that enables reading single lines, blocks of text or skimming the text with complementary, multimodal feedback. This system is implemented in a small finger-worn form factor, that enables a more manageable eyes-free operation with trivial setup. We offer findings from three studies performed to determine the usability of the FingerReader.SUTD-MIT International Design Centr

A Systematic Review of Urban Navigation Systems for Visually Impaired People

Blind and Visually impaired people (BVIP) face a range of practical difficulties when undertaking outdoor journeys as pedestrians. Over the past decade, a variety of assistive devices have been researched and developed to help BVIP navigate more safely and independently. In~addition, research in overlapping domains are addressing the problem of automatic environment interpretation using computer vision and machine learning, particularly deep learning, approaches. Our aim in this article is to present a comprehensive review of research directly in, or relevant to, assistive outdoor navigation for BVIP. We breakdown the navigation area into a series of navigation phases and tasks. We then use this structure for our systematic review of research, analysing articles, methods, datasets and current limitations by task. We also provide an overview of commercial and non-commercial navigation applications targeted at BVIP. Our review contributes to the body of knowledge by providing a comprehensive, structured analysis of work in the domain, including the state of the art, and guidance on future directions. It will support both researchers and other stakeholders in the domain to establish an informed view of research progress

LIMITATIONS AND ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY IN COMMUNICATION OF PERSONS WITH IMPAIRED VISION

Modern society requires a constant keeping up with innovative trends in the field of information literacy and knowledge of new computer technologies. In order for each individual to be fully integrated into social life, to progress in education and to socialize successfully, it is necessary to master the basics of computer literacy. People with visual impairments tend to fit into the educational and social environment with the help of computer technology, but they mostly encounter difficulties due to insufficient knowledge of the individual needs of each individual. It is necessary to ensure accessibility, equal conditions of use for all persons and thus enable them to successfully establish and maintain communicatio

Eyes-Free Vision-Based Scanning of Aligned Barcodes and Information Extraction from Aligned Nutrition Tables

Visually impaired (VI) individuals struggle with grocery shopping and have to rely on either friends, family or grocery store associates for shopping. ShopMobile 2 is a proof-of-concept system that allows VI shoppers to shop independently in a grocery store using only their smartphone. Unlike other assistive shopping systems that use dedicated hardware, this system is a software only solution that relies on fast computer vision algorithms. It consists of three modules - an eyes free barcode scanner, an optical character recognition (OCR) module, and a tele-assistance module. The eyes-free barcode scanner allows VI shoppers to locate and retrieve products by scanning barcodes on shelves and on products. The OCR module allows shoppers to read nutrition facts on products and the tele-assistance module allows them to obtain help from sighted individuals at remote locations. This dissertation discusses, provides implementations of, and presents laboratory and real-world experiments related to all three modules

Auditory Displays for People with Visual Impairments during Travel

Menschen mit Blindheit oder Sehbehinderungen begegnen beim Reisen zahlreichen Barrieren, was sich auf die Lebensqualität auswirkt. Obwohl spezielle elektronische Reisehilfen schon seit vielen Jahren im Mittelpunkt der Forschung stehen, werden sie von der Zielgruppe nach wie vor kaum genutzt. Dies liegt unter anderem daran, dass die von den Nutzern benötigten Informationen von der Technologie nur unzureichend bereitgestellt werden. Außerdem entsprechen die Schnittstellen selten den Bedürfnissen der Nutzer. In der vorliegender Arbeit gehen wir auf diese Defizite ein und definieren die Anforderungen für barrierefreies Reisen in Bezug auf den Informationsbedarf (Was muss vermittelt werden?) und die nichtfunktionalen Anforderungen (Wie muss es vermittelt werden?). Außerdem schlagen wir verschiedene auditive Displays vor, die die Bedürfnisse von Menschen mit Sehbeeinträchtigungen während einer Reise berücksichtigen. Wir entwerfen, implementieren und evaluieren unsere Schnittstellen nach einem nutzerzentriertem Ansatz, wobei wir während des gesamten Prozesses Nutzer und Experten aus diesem Bereich einbeziehen. In einem ersten Schritt erheben wir den Informationsbedarf von Menschen mit Behinderungen im Allgemeinen und von Menschen mit Sehbeeinträchtigungen im Besonderen, wenn sie sich in Gebäuden bewegen. Außerdem vergleichen wir die gesammelten Informationen mit dem, was derzeit in OpenStreetMap (OSM), einer freien geografischen Datenbank, kartiert werden kann, und machen Vorschläge zur Schließung der Lücke. Unser Ziel ist es, die Kartierung aller benötigten Informationen zu ermöglichen, um sie in Lösungen zur Unterstützung des unabhängigen Reisens zu verwenden. Nachdem wir die Frage beantwortet haben, welche Informationen benötigt werden, gehen wir weiter und beantworten die Frage, wie diese den Nutzern vermittelt werden können. Wir definieren eine Sammlung nicht-funktionaler Anforderungen, die wir in einer Befragung mit 22 Mobilitätstrainern verfeinern und bewerten. Anschließend schlagen wir eine Grammatik - oder anders ausgedrückt, eine strukturierte Art der Informationsvermittlung - für Navigationsanweisungen bei Reisen im Freien vor, die Straßenränder, das Vorhandensein von Gehwegen und Kreuzungen berücksichtigt - alles wichtige Informationen für Menschen mit Sehbeeinträchtigungen. Darüber hinaus können mit unserer Grammatik auch Orientierungspunkte, Sehenswürdigkeiten und Hindernisse vermittelt werden, was die Reise zu einem ganzheitlichen und sichereren Erlebnis macht. Wir implementieren unsere Grammatik in einen bestehenden Prototyp und evaluieren sie mit der Zielgruppe. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass in Gebäuden Beschreibungen der Umgebung die Erstellung von mentalen Karten unterstützen und damit die Erkundung und spontane Entscheidungsfindung besser fördern als Navigationsanweisungen. Wir definieren daher eine Grammatik für die Vermittlung von Informationen über die Umgebung in Innenräumen für Menschen mit Sehbeeinträchtigungen. Wir bewerten die Grammatik in einer Online-Studie mit 8 Nutzern aus der Zielgruppe. Wir zeigen, dass die Nutzer strukturierte Sätze mit fester Wortreihenfolge benötigen. Schließlich implementieren wir die Grammatik als Proof-of-Concept in eine bestehende prototypische App. Sprachausgabe ist zwar Stand der Technik im Bereich der Ausgabeschnittstellen für Menschen mit Sehbeeinträchtigungen, hat aber auch Nachteile: es ist für Menschen mit Leseschwäche unzugänglich und kann für manche Nutzer zu langsam sein. Wir nehmen uns dieses Problems an und untersuchen den Einsatz von Sonifikation in Form von auditiven Symbolen in Kombination mit Parameter-Mapping zur Vermittlung von Informationen über Objekte und deren Verortung in der Umgebung. Da eine erste Evaluierung positive Ergebnisse lieferte, erstellten wir in einem nutzerzentrierten Entwicklungsansatz einen Datensatz mit kurzen auditiven Symbolen für 40 Alltagsgegenstände. Wir evaluieren den Datensatz mit 16 blinden Menschen und zeigen, dass die Töne intuitiv sind. Schließlich vergleichen wir in einer Nutzerstudie mit 5 Teilnehmern Sprachausgabe mit nicht-sprachlicher Sonifikation. Wir zeigen, dass Sonifikation für die Vermittlung von groben Informationen über Objekte in der Umgebung genau so gut geeignet ist wie Sprache, was die Benutzerfreundlichkeit angeht. Abschließend listen wir einige Vorteile von Sprache und Sonifikation auf, die zum Vergleich und als Entscheidungshilfe dienen sollen. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit den Bedürfnissen von Menschen mit Sehbeeinträchtigungen während der Reise in Bezug auf die benötigten Informationen und Schnittstellen. In einem nutzerzentrierten Ansatz schlagen wir verschiedene akustische Schnittstellen vor, die auf sprachlicher und nicht-sprachlicher Sonifikation basieren. Anhand mehrerer Nutzerstudien, an denen sowohl Nutzer als auch Experten beteiligt sind, entwerfen, implementieren und evaluieren wir unsere Schnittstellen. Wir zeigen, dass elektronische Reisehilfen in der Lage sein müssen, große Mengen an Informationen auf strukturierte Weise zu vermitteln, jedoch angepasst an den Nutzungskontext und die Präferenzen und Fähigkeiten der Nutzer

Development of a text reading system on video images

Since the early days of computer science researchers sought to devise a machine which could automatically read text to help people with visual impairments. The problem of extracting and recognising text on document images has been largely resolved, but reading text from images of natural scenes remains a challenge. Scene text can present uneven lighting, complex backgrounds or perspective and lens distortion; it usually appears as short sentences or isolated words and shows a very diverse set of typefaces. However, video sequences of natural scenes provide a temporal redundancy that can be exploited to compensate for some of these deficiencies. Here we present a complete end-to-end, real-time scene text reading system on video images based on perspective aware text tracking. The main contribution of this work is a system that automatically detects, recognises and tracks text in videos of natural scenes in real-time. The focus of our method is on large text found in outdoor environments, such as shop signs, street names and billboards. We introduce novel efficient techniques for text detection, text aggregation and text perspective estimation. Furthermore, we propose using a set of Unscented Kalman Filters (UKF) to maintain each text region¿s identity and to continuously track the homography transformation of the text into a fronto-parallel view, thereby being resilient to erratic camera motion and wide baseline changes in orientation. The orientation of each text line is estimated using a method that relies on the geometry of the characters themselves to estimate a rectifying homography. This is done irrespective of the view of the text over a large range of orientations. We also demonstrate a wearable head-mounted device for text reading that encases a camera for image acquisition and a pair of headphones for synthesized speech output. Our system is designed for continuous and unsupervised operation over long periods of time. It is completely automatic and features quick failure recovery and interactive text reading. It is also highly parallelised in order to maximize the usage of available processing power and to achieve real-time operation. We show comparative results that improve the current state-of-the-art when correcting perspective deformation of scene text. The end-to-end system performance is demonstrated on sequences recorded in outdoor scenarios. Finally, we also release a dataset of text tracking videos along with the annotated ground-truth of text regions

Haptics: Science, Technology, Applications

This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Haptic Sensing and Touch Enabled Computer Applications, EuroHaptics 2022, held in Hamburg, Germany, in May 2022. The 36 regular papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 129 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: haptic science; haptic technology; and haptic applications

Políticas de Copyright de Publicações Científicas em Repositórios Institucionais: O Caso do INESC TEC

A progressiva transformação das práticas científicas, impulsionada pelo desenvolvimento das novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), têm possibilitado aumentar o acesso à informação, caminhando gradualmente para uma abertura do ciclo de pesquisa. Isto permitirá resolver a longo prazo uma adversidade que se tem colocado aos investigadores, que passa pela existência de barreiras que limitam as condições de acesso, sejam estas geográficas ou financeiras. Apesar da produção científica ser dominada, maioritariamente, por grandes editoras comerciais, estando sujeita às regras por estas impostas, o Movimento do Acesso Aberto cuja primeira declaração pública, a Declaração de Budapeste (BOAI), é de 2002, vem propor alterações significativas que beneficiam os autores e os leitores. Este Movimento vem a ganhar importância em Portugal desde 2003, com a constituição do primeiro repositório institucional a nível nacional. Os repositórios institucionais surgiram como uma ferramenta de divulgação da produção científica de uma instituição, com o intuito de permitir abrir aos resultados da investigação, quer antes da publicação e do próprio processo de arbitragem (preprint), quer depois (postprint), e, consequentemente, aumentar a visibilidade do trabalho desenvolvido por um investigador e a respetiva instituição. O estudo apresentado, que passou por uma análise das políticas de copyright das publicações científicas mais relevantes do INESC TEC, permitiu não só perceber que as editoras adotam cada vez mais políticas que possibilitam o auto-arquivo das publicações em repositórios institucionais, como também que existe todo um trabalho de sensibilização a percorrer, não só para os investigadores, como para a instituição e toda a sociedade. A produção de um conjunto de recomendações, que passam pela implementação de uma política institucional que incentive o auto-arquivo das publicações desenvolvidas no âmbito institucional no repositório, serve como mote para uma maior valorização da produção científica do INESC TEC.The progressive transformation of scientific practices, driven by the development of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), which made it possible to increase access to information, gradually moving towards an opening of the research cycle. This opening makes it possible to resolve, in the long term, the adversity that has been placed on researchers, which involves the existence of barriers that limit access conditions, whether geographical or financial. Although large commercial publishers predominantly dominate scientific production and subject it to the rules imposed by them, the Open Access movement whose first public declaration, the Budapest Declaration (BOAI), was in 2002, proposes significant changes that benefit the authors and the readers. This Movement has gained importance in Portugal since 2003, with the constitution of the first institutional repository at the national level. Institutional repositories have emerged as a tool for disseminating the scientific production of an institution to open the results of the research, both before publication and the preprint process and postprint, increase the visibility of work done by an investigator and his or her institution. The present study, which underwent an analysis of the copyright policies of INESC TEC most relevant scientific publications, allowed not only to realize that publishers are increasingly adopting policies that make it possible to self-archive publications in institutional repositories, all the work of raising awareness, not only for researchers but also for the institution and the whole society. The production of a set of recommendations, which go through the implementation of an institutional policy that encourages the self-archiving of the publications developed in the institutional scope in the repository, serves as a motto for a greater appreciation of the scientific production of INESC TEC