Artifical Intelligence for Human Computing

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of two events discussing AI for Human Computing: one Special Session during the Eighth International ACM Conference on Multimodal Interfaces (ICMI 2006), held in Banff, Canada, in November 2006, and a Workshop organized in conjunction with the 20th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2007), held in Hyderabad, India, in January 2007. A large number of the contributions in this state-of-the-art survey are updated and extended versions of the papers presented during these two events. In order to obtain a more complete overview of research efforts in the field of human computing, a number of additional invited contributions are also included in this book on AI for human computing. The 17 revised papers presented were carefully selected from numerous submissions to and presentations made at the two events and include invited articles to round off coverage of all relevant topics of the emerging topic. The papers are organized in three parts: a part on foundational issues of human computing, a part on sensing humans and their activities, and a part on anthropocentric interaction models

Positions of Ocular Geometrical and Visual Axes in Brazilian, Chinese and Italian Populations

ABSTRACTPurpose: To identify the relative positions of geometrical and visual axes of the eye and present a method to locate the visual center when the geometrical axis is taken as a reference.Meth..

Psychology State Acquiring Device Based on Sitting Postures for Implicit Interaction

Context-aware is very important for implicit interaction. User's psychology state as a kind of user context can be used in the interaction to improve quality and to make the service more individual. In this paper, a psychology state acquiring device based on sitting postures for implicit interaction is developed. The device consists of two parts: pressure sensor matrix and micro control unit. The former is made up of 40 pairs of pressure sensor node to sense pressure distribution on it, and the latter has a power supply module, first/second level CD4051 parts, operational amplifier LM324, AD0804, and STC89C52RC mainly to realize sampling control and analysis. With this device, several experiments are carried on. It can be seen that the effect is good enough in single set testing, area (palm/sitting) testing and the actual environment testing. So it can be used in implicit human computer interaction researches and applied in another area

Zombie Mouse in a Chinese Room

John Searle’s Chinese Room Argument (CRA) purports to demonstrate that syntax is not sufficient for semantics, and, hence, because computation cannot yield understanding, the computational theory of mind, which equates the mind to an information processing system based on formal computations, fails. In this paper, we use the CRA, and the debate that emerged from it, to develop a philosophical critique of recent advances in robotics and neuroscience. We describe results from a body of work that contributes to blurring the divide between biological and artificial systems; so-called animats, autonomous robots that are controlled by biological neural tissue and what may be described as remote- controlled rodents, living animals endowed with augmented abilities provided by external controllers. We argue that, even though at first sight, these chimeric systems may seem to escape the CRA, on closer analysis, they do not. We conclude by discussing the role of the body–brain dynamics in the processes that give rise to genuine understanding of the world, in line with recent proposals from enactive cognitive science

Easing the smart home: a rule-based language and multi-agent structure for end user development in intelligent environments

Tesis doctoral inédita. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Escuela Politécnica Superior, septiembre de 200

Entwicklung eines intelligenten kognitiven Assistenzsystems für dynamische Produktionsumgebungen - am Beispiel eines Assistenzsystems zur Unterstützung von Mitarbeitern in der Nacharbeit

Kognitive Assistenzsysteme in der Produktion unterstützen Mitarbeiter bei der Bewältigung manueller Tätigkeiten. Im laufenden (Montage-)Prozess versorgen sie den Mitarbeiter mit Informationen zur auszuführenden Tätigkeit. Fortschrittlichere Assistenzsysteme überprüfen zugleich den Prozess und melden etwaige Fehler zurück. Herkömmliche Kognitive Assistenzsysteme eignen sich für lineare Prozessabfolgen, wie sie bspw. in der Linienmontage vorzufinden sind. In Produktionsbereichen, wo Prozesse von unterschiedlichen Einflussfaktoren abhängig sind, eignen sich bisherige Assistenzsysteme kaum. In dieser Arbeit wird die Entwicklung eines Kognitiven Assistenzsystems für den Einsatz in dynamischen Produktionsbereichen am Beispiel der Nacharbeit beschrieben. Grundlage hierfür ist eine Graphenstruktur, die den Produktfortschritt abbildet. Diese wird mit unterschiedlichen Prozessdaten angereichert und erlaubt die Generierung einer Prozessliste mit variablem Ziel. Diese Liste steht in digitaler Form zur Verfügung und steuert das Kognitive Assistenzsystem an. Zudem werden am Assistenzsystem Daten aufgenommen. Diese ermöglichen den Rückschluss auf die Vertrautheit einer Person mit bestimmten Montageprozessen. Diese Information wird genutzt, um Aufträge den Mitarbeitern derart zuzuweisen, dass Auftragsbestände besser reduziert werden. Hierzu werden Metaheuristiken genutzt, da auch eine Vielzahl von Kombinationsmöglichkeiten (Auftrag an Mitarbeiter) zu berücksichtigen ist.Cognitive Assistance Systems used in production provide operators with valuable in-formation about the assembly process to assist in decision-making. Some systems can even check processes and give feedback in case of any errors. Commonly available assistance systems work well in sequentially organized processes like those of an as-sembly line. However, they are barely able to operate in more dynamic environments such as rework areas, where the processes depend on numerous factors. This work aims to describe a Cognitive Assistance System suitable for use in these dynamic pro-duction environments. A graph structure poses as the backbone for this Cognitive As-sistance System as it represents the production stream. This graph structure is then enriched with process-related data and is able to generate a digital process list that serves as the program for the Cognitive Assistance System. The data collected by the system is used to determine the operator’s familiarity with the task to be performed. The information is then used to assign a suitable rework job to the operator in order to reduce the amount of pending rework jobs. Meta-heuristics help to handle the huge number of combinations (job-to-operator) that this system would generate

Describing Faces for Identification: Getting the Message, But Not The Picture

Although humans rely on faces and language for social communication, the role of language in communicating about faces is poorly understood. Describing faces and identifying faces from verbal descriptions are important tasks in social and criminal justice settings. Prior research indicates that people have difficulty relaying face identity to others via verbal description, however little is known about the process, correlates, or content of communication about faces (hereafter ‘face communication’). In Chapter Two, I investigated face communication accuracy and its relationship with an individual’s perceptual face skill. I also examined the efficacy of a brief training intervention for improving face description ability. I found that individuals could complete face communication tasks with above chance levels of accuracy, in both interactive and non-interactive conditions, and that abilities in describing faces and using face descriptions for identification were related to an individual’s perceptual face skill. However, training was not effective for improving face description ability. In Chapter Three, I investigated qualitative attributes of face descriptions. I found no evidence of qualitative differences in face descriptions as a function of the describer’s perceptual skill with faces, the identification utility of descriptions, or the describer’s familiarity with the face. In Chapters Two and Three, the reliability of measures may have limited the ability to detect relationships between face communication accuracy and potential correlates of performance. Consequently, in Chapter Four, I examined face communication accuracy when using constrained face descriptions, derived using a rating scale, and the relationship between the identification utility of such descriptions and their reliability (test-retest and multi-rater). I found that constrained face descriptions were less useful for identification than free descriptions and the reliability of a description was unrelated to its identification utility. Together, findings in this thesis indicate that face communication is very challenging – both for individuals undertaking the task, and for researchers seeking to measure performance reliably. Given the mechanisms contributing to variance in face communication accuracy remain largely elusive, legal stakeholders would be wise to use caution when relying on evidence involving face description