1,081 research outputs found

    Polarity in GaN and ZnO: Theory, measurement, growth, and devices

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    This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and AIP Publishing. This article appeared in Appl. Phys. Rev. 3, 041303 (2016) and may be found at https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4963919.The polar nature of the wurtzite crystalline structure of GaN and ZnO results in the existence of a spontaneous electric polarization within these materials and their associated alloys (Ga,Al,In)N and (Zn,Mg,Cd)O. The polarity has also important consequences on the stability of the different crystallographic surfaces, and this becomes especially important when considering epitaxial growth. Furthermore, the internal polarization fields may adversely affect the properties of optoelectronic devices but is also used as a potential advantage for advanced electronic devices. In this article, polarity-related issues in GaN and ZnO are reviewed, going from theoretical considerations to electronic and optoelectronic devices, through thin film, and nanostructure growth. The necessary theoretical background is first introduced and the stability of the cation and anion polarity surfaces is discussed. For assessing the polarity, one has to make use of specific characterization methods, which are described in detail. Subsequently, the nucleation and growth mechanisms of thin films and nanostructures, including nanowires, are presented, reviewing the specific growth conditions that allow controlling the polarity of such objects. Eventually, the demonstrated and/or expected effects of polarity on the properties and performances of optoelectronic and electronic devices are reported. The present review is intended to yield an in-depth view of some of the hot topics related to polarity in GaN and ZnO, a fast growing subject over the last decade

    Fabrication and Characterization of a Ruthenium Nitride Membrane for Electrochemical pH Sensors

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    The pH sensing and nonideal characteristics of a ruthenium nitride (RuN) sensing membrane pH sensor were investigated. RuN thin films were deposited from a 99.9% ruthenium target on p-type silicon substrates using radio frequency (r.f.) sputtering with N2 gas. Subsequently, the nanometric structure and surface morphology of RuN thin films were determined. The sensitivity of the RuN sensing membrane pH sensor was 58.03 mV/pH, obtained from ID-VG curves with a current-voltage (Iโ€“V) measurement system in standard buffer solutions from pH 1 to pH 13 at room temperature (25 ยฐC). Moreover, the nonideal characteristics of the RuN sensing membrane, such as temperature coefficient, drift with light influence, drift rate and hysteresis width, etc. were also investigated. Finally, the sensing characteristics of the RuN membrane were compared with titanium nitride (TiN), aluminum nitride (AlN) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) membranes

    RF ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋„คํŠธ๋ก  ์Šคํผํ„ฐ๋ง ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ•˜์ „๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ์ฆ์ฐฉ ๊ฑฐ๋™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2020. 8. ํ™ฉ๋†๋ฌธ.Generation of charged nanoparticles (NPs) during RF sputtering using titanium (Ti) target was confirmed and their influence on film quality was investigated. Charged Ti NPs were captured on amorphous carbon membranes with the electric bias of -70, 0, +5, +15 and +30V and examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The number density of the Ti NPs decreased with increasing positive bias, which showed that some of Ti NPs were positively charged and repelled by the positively biased TEM membrane. Ti films were deposited on silicon (Si) substrates with the bias of -70, 0 and +30V and analyzed by TEM, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray reflectivity (XRR). The film deposited at -70V had the highest thickness, crystallinity and density, whereas the film deposited at +30V had the lowest quality. This was attributed to the attraction of positively charged Ti NPs to the substrate at -70V and to the landing of only small-sized neutral Ti NPs on the substrate at +30V. These results indicate that the control of charged NPs is necessary to obtain high quality thin film at room temperature. Also, the possibility of preparing highly (002) oriented Ti films on the Si (100) substrate was studied using RF sputtering. The deposition behavior was compared between floating and grounded substrates at room temperature. Highly (002) oriented Ti films could be successfully prepared on the floating Si (100) substrate, which was revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution TEM. To understand the different deposition behavior between floating and grounded substrates, the incident energy of ions during RF sputtering was estimated from the substrate temperature measured by the K-type thermocouple. The incident energy on the floating substrate was lower by 20% than that on the grounded substrate. It was suggested that the lower incident energy on the floating substrate would be responsible for the deposition of highly (002) oriented Ti films at room temperature. Meanwhile, it is also necessary to conduct in-situ plasma diagnostics during the process for investigating the consistent plasma condition and further information of the plasma. When the same plasma condition is remained, the consistent and reliable experiment results can be obtained. However, the plasma condition could be sensitive to small changes and affect the entire process and results. Also, various plasma diagnostics technique can broadly provide the information of the plasma condition such as electron and ion temperature, plasma density. Using in-situ plasma diagnostics, we characterized neutral and positively charged species of Ar and Ti in the plasma. Existence and proportion of Ti and Ar species at different process pressure were investigated by optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Also, the energy distribution of the positively charged species were estimated by ion energy analyzer. Using this result, the energy distribution of positively charged Ti NPs were confirmed experimentally. Therefore, in-situ plasma diagnostics is recommended to understand the plasma process and results correctly.ํ‹ฐํƒ€๋Š„ (Ti) ํƒ€๊ฒŸ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” RF ์Šคํผํ„ฐ๋ง ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ•˜์ „ ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž (NP)์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ์งˆ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ „ ๋œ Ti ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ -70V, 0V, +5V, +15V ๋ฐ +30V์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค๋กœ ๋น„์ •์งˆ ํƒ„์†Œ ๋งด๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 30์ดˆ ๋™์•ˆ ํฌ์ง‘ํ•œ ํ›„, ํˆฌ๊ณผ ์ „์ž ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ (TEM) ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–‘์˜ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ํฌ์ง‘ ๋œ Ti ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํฌ์ง‘ ๋œ Ti ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ „๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์–‘์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ธฐํŒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฟจ๋กฑ ํž˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํฌ์ง‘ ๋œ Ti ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ์ฆ์ฐฉ ๊ฑฐ๋™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด, ํฌ์ง‘ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์„ธํŒ…์—์„œ -70V, 0V ๋ฐ +30V์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค๋กœ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ (Si) ๊ธฐํŒ ์ƒ์— 30๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•œ ํ›„, TEM, ์ „๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ์ „์ž ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ (FESEM) ๋ฐ X- ์„  ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์œจ (XRR)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, -70V์—์„œ ์ฆ์ฐฉ ๋œ ํ•„๋ฆ„์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ , ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, + 30V์—์„œ ์ฆ์ฐฉ ๋œ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ , ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” -70V์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ „ ๋œ Ti ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์†๋˜์–ด ๊ธฐํŒ์— ๋Œ์–ด ๋‹น๊ฒจ์ง€๊ณ  + 30V์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธฐํŒ ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ค‘์„ฑ Ti ์ž…์ž ์ค‘, TEM์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์€ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ์ž…์ž๋“ค (๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž ํ˜น์€ ์›์ž)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฆ์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์Šคํผํ„ฐ๋ง ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ•˜์ „ ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์ƒ์˜จ์—์„œ ๊ณ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๊ธˆ์† ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์ฆ์ฐฉ ์‹œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” DC ์Šคํผํ„ฐ๋ง์ด ์•„๋‹Œ RF ์Šคํผํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด์˜จํ™”์œจ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํ•˜์ „ ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋”์šฑ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธˆ์† ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ์งˆ์„ ํ•œ์ธต ๋” ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ๊ธˆ์† ๋ฐฐ์„  ๊ณต์ •์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์† ๋ฐฐ์„ ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, RF ์Šคํผํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ Si (100) ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— (002) ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์„  ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋œ Ti ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐํŒ์„ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”Œ๋กœํŒ… ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, Ti ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ํ”Œ๋กœํŒ… ๋œ ๊ธฐํŒ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ง€๋œ ๊ธฐํŒ์— ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•œ ํ›„, ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ํ›„, XRD, SEM ๋ฐ TEM์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”Œ๋กœํŒ… ๋œ ๊ธฐํŒ์œ„์—์„œ ์ ‘์ง€ ๋œ ๊ธฐํŒ๋ณด๋‹ค (002) ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์„  ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋œ Ti ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ 20 mTorr์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ”Œ๋กœํŒ… ๋œ ๊ธฐํŒ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ง€ ๋œ ๊ธฐํŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ฆ์ฐฉ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์›์ธ์˜ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ๊ธฐํŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์ž์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์Šคํผํ„ฐ๋ง ๊ณต์ • ๋™์•ˆ K-ํ˜• ์—ด์ „๋Œ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ธฐํŒ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐํŒ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ž…์‚ฌ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ”Œ๋กœํŒ… ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ์ž…์‚ฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ์ ‘์ง€ ๋œ ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ์ž…์‚ฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค 20% ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์Šคํผํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Ti ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ธฐํŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์ž์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (002) ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (100) ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ”Œ๋กœํŒ… ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ‘์ง€ ๋œ ๊ธฐํŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธฐํŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์ž์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, (002) ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด (002) ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์„  ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋œ Ti ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์€ ์••์ „ ์†Œ์ž์—์„œ AlN ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์† ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค.ํ•œํŽธ, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๊ณต์ • ์ค‘์— in-situ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์ฒด ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ „์ž ๋ฐ ์ด์˜จ ์˜จ๋„, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐ€๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ„์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ณผ์ • ๋™์•ˆ, in-situ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์—์„œ ์ค‘์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ „ ๋œ Ar ๋ฐ Ti ์ข…์„ ํŠน์„ฑํ™” ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต์ • ์••๋ ฅ์—์„œ์˜ Ti ๋ฐ Ar ์ข…์˜ ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐ ๋น„์œจ์„ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ฒ• (OES)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ „ ๋œ ์ข…์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ์ด์˜จ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ „ ๋œ Ti ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๊ณต์ • ๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” in-situ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋œ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 13 1.1. Non-classical crystallization 13 1.2. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 32 1.3. Physical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 37 1.3.1. Sputtering 38 1.3.2. Direct current (DC) sputtering 42 1.3.3. Radio frequency (RF) sputtering 43 1.4. Purpose of this study 45 Chapter 2. Generation of charged Ti nanoparticles and their deposition behavior with substrate bias during RF magnetron sputtering 50 2.1. Introduction 50 2.2. Experimental methode 53 2.3. Results and Discussion 55 2.4. Conclusion 61 Chapter 3. Preparation of highly (002) oriented Ti films on a floating Si (100) substrate by RF magnetron sputtering 73 3.1. Introduction 73 3.2. Experimental methode 75 3.3. Results and Discussion 76 3.4. Conclusion 85 Chapter 4. In-situ plasma diagnostics for investigating charged species during Ti RF magnetron sputtering 95 4.1. Introduction 95 4.2. Experimental methode 98 4.3. Results and Discussion 102 4.4. Conclusion 104 Abstract in Korean 127Docto

    Fabrication and Characterization of AlN-based, CMOS compatible Piezo-MEMS Devices

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    This paper details the development of high-quality, c-axis oriented AlN thin films up to 2 {\mu}m thick, using sputtering on platinum-coated SOI substrates for use in piezoelectric MEMS. Our comprehensive studies illustrate how important growth parameters such as the base Pt electrode quality, deposition temperature, power, and pressure, can influence film quality. With careful adjustment of these parameters, we managed to manipulate residual stresses (from compressive -1.2 GPa to tensile 230 MPa), and attain a high level of orientation in the AlN thin films, evidenced by < 5deg FWHM X-Ray diffraction peak widths. We also report on film surface quality regarding roughness, as assessed by atomic force microscopy, and grain size, as determined through scanning electron microscopy. Having attained the desired film quality, we proceeded to a fabrication process to create piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducers (PMUTs) with the AlN on SOI material stack, using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). Initial evaluations of the vibrational behavior of the created devices, as observed through Laser Doppler Vibrometry, hint at the potential of these optimized AlN thin films for MEMS transducer development

    MICROSTRUCTURES DIAGRAM OF MAGNETRON SPUTTERED ALN DEPOSITS : AMORPHOUS AND NANOSTRUCTURED FILMS

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    International audienceIn order to get homogeneous nanostructured Aluminum Nitride deposits, thin films were grown at room temperature on [001] Si substrates by radio frequency magnetron reactive sputtering. The deposits were analysed by Transmission Electron Microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. Their microstructure and chemical composition were studied versus the plasma working pressure and the radio frequency power. Systematic analysis of cross views of the films allowed the authors to draw a microstructure/process parameters map. Four microstructural types were distinguished according to the decrease of the deposition rate. One is the well-known columnar microstructure. The second one is made of interrupted columns or fibrous grains. The third one is made of nano-sized particles (size of the particles ranges from 1.7 to 8 nm). The fourth and last microstructure is amorphous. The "deposit morphology-process parameters" correlation is commented on
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