19 research outputs found
Computational Pathology: A Survey Review and The Way Forward
Computational Pathology CPath is an interdisciplinary science that augments
developments of computational approaches to analyze and model medical
histopathology images. The main objective for CPath is to develop
infrastructure and workflows of digital diagnostics as an assistive CAD system
for clinical pathology, facilitating transformational changes in the diagnosis
and treatment of cancer that are mainly address by CPath tools. With
evergrowing developments in deep learning and computer vision algorithms, and
the ease of the data flow from digital pathology, currently CPath is witnessing
a paradigm shift. Despite the sheer volume of engineering and scientific works
being introduced for cancer image analysis, there is still a considerable gap
of adopting and integrating these algorithms in clinical practice. This raises
a significant question regarding the direction and trends that are undertaken
in CPath. In this article we provide a comprehensive review of more than 800
papers to address the challenges faced in problem design all-the-way to the
application and implementation viewpoints. We have catalogued each paper into a
model-card by examining the key works and challenges faced to layout the
current landscape in CPath. We hope this helps the community to locate relevant
works and facilitate understanding of the field's future directions. In a
nutshell, we oversee the CPath developments in cycle of stages which are
required to be cohesively linked together to address the challenges associated
with such multidisciplinary science. We overview this cycle from different
perspectives of data-centric, model-centric, and application-centric problems.
We finally sketch remaining challenges and provide directions for future
technical developments and clinical integration of CPath
(https://github.com/AtlasAnalyticsLab/CPath_Survey).Comment: Accepted in Elsevier Journal of Pathology Informatics (JPI) 202
Exploring variability in medical imaging
Although recent successes of deep learning and novel machine learning techniques improved the perfor-
mance of classification and (anomaly) detection in computer vision problems, the application of these
methods in medical imaging pipeline remains a very challenging task. One of the main reasons for this
is the amount of variability that is encountered and encapsulated in human anatomy and subsequently
reflected in medical images. This fundamental factor impacts most stages in modern medical imaging
processing pipelines.
Variability of human anatomy makes it virtually impossible to build large datasets for each disease
with labels and annotation for fully supervised machine learning. An efficient way to cope with this is
to try and learn only from normal samples. Such data is much easier to collect. A case study of such
an automatic anomaly detection system based on normative learning is presented in this work. We
present a framework for detecting fetal cardiac anomalies during ultrasound screening using generative
models, which are trained only utilising normal/healthy subjects.
However, despite the significant improvement in automatic abnormality detection systems, clinical
routine continues to rely exclusively on the contribution of overburdened medical experts to diagnosis
and localise abnormalities. Integrating human expert knowledge into the medical imaging processing
pipeline entails uncertainty which is mainly correlated with inter-observer variability. From the per-
spective of building an automated medical imaging system, it is still an open issue, to what extent
this kind of variability and the resulting uncertainty are introduced during the training of a model
and how it affects the final performance of the task. Consequently, it is very important to explore the
effect of inter-observer variability both, on the reliable estimation of model’s uncertainty, as well as
on the model’s performance in a specific machine learning task. A thorough investigation of this issue
is presented in this work by leveraging automated estimates for machine learning model uncertainty,
inter-observer variability and segmentation task performance in lung CT scan images.
Finally, a presentation of an overview of the existing anomaly detection methods in medical imaging
was attempted. This state-of-the-art survey includes both conventional pattern recognition methods
and deep learning based methods. It is one of the first literature surveys attempted in the specific
research area.Open Acces
Deep Gaussian processes for multiple instance learning: Application to CT intracranial hemorrhage detection
Background and objective: Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening emergency that can lead to brain damage or death, with high rates of mortality and morbidity. The fast and accurate detection of ICH is important for the patient to get an early and efficient treatment. To improve this diagnostic process, the application of Deep Learning (DL) models on head CT scans is an active area of research. Although promising results have been obtained, many of the proposed models require slice-level annotations by radiologists, which are costly and time-consuming. Methods: We formulate the ICH detection as a problem of Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) that allows training with only scan-level annotations. We develop a new probabilistic method based on Deep Gaussian Processes (DGP) that is able to train with this MIL setting and accurately predict ICH at both slice- and scan-level. The proposed DGPMIL model is able to capture complex feature relations by using multiple Gaussian Process (GP) layers, as we show experimentally. Results: To highlight the advantages of DGPMIL in a general MIL setting, we first conduct several controlled experiments on the MNIST dataset. We show that multiple GP layers outperform one-layer GP models, especially for complex feature distributions. For ICH detection experiments, we use two public brain CT datasets (RSNA and CQ500). We first train a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with an attention mechanism to extract the image features, which are fed into our DGPMIL model to perform the final predictions. The results show that DGPMIL model outperforms VGPMIL as well as the attention-based CNN for MIL and other state-of-the-art methods for this problem. The best performing DGPMIL model reaches an AUC-ROC of 0.957 (resp. 0.909) and an AUC-PR of 0.961 (resp. 0.889) on the RSNA (resp. CQ500) dataset. Conclusion: The competitive performance at slice- and scan-level shows that DGPMIL model provides an accurate diagnosis on slices without the need for slice-level annotations by radiologists during training. As MIL is a common problem setting, our model can be applied to a broader range of other tasks, especially in medical image classification, where it can help the diagnostic process.Project P20_00286 funded by FEDER/Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidadesthe European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skodowska Curie grant agreement No 860627 (CLARIFY Project).Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada / CBUA
CAD system for early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy based on 3D extracted imaging markers.
This dissertation makes significant contributions to the field of ophthalmology, addressing the segmentation of retinal layers and the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The first contribution is a novel 3D segmentation approach that leverages the patientspecific anatomy of retinal layers. This approach demonstrates superior accuracy in segmenting all retinal layers from a 3D retinal image compared to current state-of-the-art methods. It also offers enhanced speed, enabling potential clinical applications. The proposed segmentation approach holds great potential for supporting surgical planning and guidance in retinal procedures such as retinal detachment repair or macular hole closure. Surgeons can benefit from the accurate delineation of retinal layers, enabling better understanding of the anatomical structure and more effective surgical interventions. Moreover, real-time guidance systems can be developed to assist surgeons during procedures, improving overall patient outcomes. The second contribution of this dissertation is the introduction of a novel computeraided diagnosis (CAD) system for precise identification of diabetic retinopathy. The CAD system utilizes 3D-OCT imaging and employs an innovative approach that extracts two distinct features: first-order reflectivity and 3D thickness. These features are then fused and used to train and test a neural network classifier. The proposed CAD system exhibits promising results, surpassing other machine learning and deep learning algorithms commonly employed in DR detection. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the comprehensive analysis approach employed by the CAD system, which considers both low-level and high-level data from the 3D retinal layers. The CAD system presents a groundbreaking contribution to the field, as it goes beyond conventional methods, optimizing backpropagated neural networks to integrate multiple levels of information effectively. By achieving superior performance, the proposed CAD system showcases its potential in accurately diagnosing DR and aiding in the prevention of vision loss. In conclusion, this dissertation presents novel approaches for the segmentation of retinal layers and the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy. The proposed methods exhibit significant improvements in accuracy, speed, and performance compared to existing techniques, opening new avenues for clinical applications and advancements in the field of ophthalmology. By addressing future research directions, such as testing on larger datasets, exploring alternative algorithms, and incorporating user feedback, the proposed methods can be further refined and developed into robust, accurate, and clinically valuable tools for diagnosing and monitoring retinal diseases
Deep learning in medical imaging and radiation therapy
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146980/1/mp13264_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146980/2/mp13264.pd
The Artificial Intelligence in Digital Pathology and Digital Radiology: Where Are We?
This book is a reprint of the Special Issue entitled "The Artificial Intelligence in Digital Pathology and Digital Radiology: Where Are We?". Artificial intelligence is extending into the world of both digital radiology and digital pathology, and involves many scholars in the areas of biomedicine, technology, and bioethics. There is a particular need for scholars to focus on both the innovations in this field and the problems hampering integration into a robust and effective process in stable health care models in the health domain. Many professionals involved in these fields of digital health were encouraged to contribute with their experiences. This book contains contributions from various experts across different fields. Aspects of the integration in the health domain have been faced. Particular space was dedicated to overviewing the challenges, opportunities, and problems in both radiology and pathology. Clinal deepens are available in cardiology, the hystopathology of breast cancer, and colonoscopy. Dedicated studies were based on surveys which investigated students and insiders, opinions, attitudes, and self-perception on the integration of artificial intelligence in this field
Advanced Sensing and Image Processing Techniques for Healthcare Applications
This Special Issue aims to attract the latest research and findings in the design, development and experimentation of healthcare-related technologies. This includes, but is not limited to, using novel sensing, imaging, data processing, machine learning, and artificially intelligent devices and algorithms to assist/monitor the elderly, patients, and the disabled population
Principles and Applications of Data Science
Data science is an emerging multidisciplinary field which lies at the intersection of computer science, statistics, and mathematics, with different applications and related to data mining, deep learning, and big data. This Special Issue on “Principles and Applications of Data Science” focuses on the latest developments in the theories, techniques, and applications of data science. The topics include data cleansing, data mining, machine learning, deep learning, and the applications of medical and healthcare, as well as social media