TESTING FOR DISEQUILIBRIUM IN THE DEMAND FOR AGRICULTURAL INPUTS

A dynamic system of cost-share equations for agricultural inputs is used to test for the presence of input disequilibrium. This dynamic system incorporates a disequilibrium adjustment process into input-share equations derived from a translog cost function. The disequilibrium process is represented as a generalized partial adjustment model where disequilibrium in one input may affect other inputs. Results from this analysis suggest applications of translog share systems to agriculture under static equilibrium assumptions are inappropriate.Demand and Price Analysis, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,

Changing a semantics: opportunism or courage?

The generalized models for higher-order logics introduced by Leon Henkin, and their multiple offspring over the years, have become a standard tool in many areas of logic. Even so, discussion has persisted about their technical status, and perhaps even their conceptual legitimacy. This paper gives a systematic view of generalized model techniques, discusses what they mean in mathematical and philosophical terms, and presents a few technical themes and results about their role in algebraic representation, calibrating provability, lowering complexity, understanding fixed-point logics, and achieving set-theoretic absoluteness. We also show how thinking about Henkin's approach to semantics of logical systems in this generality can yield new results, dispelling the impression of adhocness. This paper is dedicated to Leon Henkin, a deep logician who has changed the way we all work, while also being an always open, modest, and encouraging colleague and friend.Comment: 27 pages. To appear in: The life and work of Leon Henkin: Essays on his contributions (Studies in Universal Logic) eds: Manzano, M., Sain, I. and Alonso, E., 201

First descriptive approach on low value added intellectual property and competition distortion: Case of the US

This research paper analyzes the disadvantages of patenting low added value inventions considered obvious on the operation of the free market under the free market theoretical perspective for the U.S case. Gaps are strong in relation to considered obvious inventions which discourages business innovation as a result of imperfect information flow limiting knowledge of existing patents. Also discourage competition from small and micro enterprises who choose to go the legal system to maintain market share. The analysis method is based on data research form different official sources.El presente artículo de investigación tiene como objetivo analizar los inconvenientes del otorgamiento de patentes de bajo valor agregado, consideradas obvias sobre el funcionamiento del libre mercado bajo la perspectiva teórica de libre mercado para el caso de Estados Unidos. Se encuentran fuertes vacíos en la normativa estadounidense referente a los inventos considerados obvios, que desincentivan la innovación empresarial como consecuencia del flujo imperfecto de información que limita el conocimiento de patentes preexistentes y aumento artificial de costos al consumidor. El método de estudio es el análisis de datos recogidos de diversas fuentes oficiales y artículos de investigación sobre el tema

At Risk of Social Exclusion. Labor Market Disadvantage of Ex-Convicts – The Case of Poland

The study on the risk of social exclusion of former convicts, presented in the article, resulting from their belonging to a disadvantaged group in the labour market, was based on the quantitative strategy (diagnostic survey). The study refers to the retrospective description by penitentiary recidivists of their own activities undertaken in the search for permanent employment in non-detention periods, the nature of the job sought, the motives behind it and the manner in which it was sought, and the frequency of employment. The results of the study indicate the activeness of the vast majority of former prisoners in the area of searching for a job. People over 50 are the least active group. The motivations to take up a job depend on the place of residence and the level of education of the convicts. They look for a job most often using the support of employment offices (the most active ones are people aged 31–40). The younger the ex-convicts and the higher the level of their education, the more often their usage of the Internet and the recommendations of acquaintances. Job offers in the construction industry were among the most sought after. The lower the education level of ex-prisoners, the more common their unemployment. People in small towns and villages most often fail in their efforts to get a job. The results of the study may be used to modernise the post-penitentiary assistance system, including the design of re-adaptation and re-integration support for ex-convicts in the field of employment, based on their socio-demographic profiles (matching motives, needs and personal resources with environmental opportunities) and to counteract discriminatory behaviours of employers.The study on the risk of social exclusion of former convicts, presented in the article, resulting from their belonging to a disadvantaged group in the labour market, was based on the quantitative strategy (diagnostic survey). The study refers to the retrospective description by penitentiary recidivists of their own activities undertaken in the search for permanent employment in non-detention periods, the nature of the job sought, the motives behind it and the manner in which it was sought, and the frequency of employment. The results of the study indicate the activeness of the vast majority of former prisoners in the area of searching for a job. People over 50 are the least active group. The motivations to take up a job depend on the place of residence and the level of education of the convicts. They look for a job most often using the support of employment offices (the most active ones are people aged 31–40). The younger the ex-convicts and the higher the level of their education, the more often their usage of the Internet and the recommendations of acquaintances. Job offers in the construction industry were among the most sought after. The lower the education level of ex-prisoners, the more common their unemployment. People in small towns and villages most often fail in their efforts to get a job. The results of the study may be used to modernise the post-penitentiary assistance system, including the design of re-adaptation and re-integration support for ex-convicts in the field of employment, based on their socio-demographic profiles (matching motives, needs and personal resources with environmental opportunities) and to counteract discriminatory behaviours of employers

Symbols of the city of Lublin in the perception of its inhabitants in the light of quantitative and qualitative research

The symbol of the city is a primary element shaping the image planned in the marketing strategy, and it is also a natural basis for building the city's brand. The article aims to identify the symbols of the city of Lublin in the perception of its inhabitants. Symbols of Lublin were studied using quantitative research - in the form of a PAPI survey - and qualitative research - with the use of Focus Group Interviews. Particular attention was paid to two age groups: the youngest adult residents of the city and the seniors. Moreover, a comparison was made of free associations connected with the city between groups. As a result of the research, symbols of Lublin were identified: the goat from the Lublin coat of arms, the Lublin Castle and the Old Town. Significant differences between the analysed age groups were also observed. Associations of older people oscillated around the history, tradition, and architecture of Lublin, while younger people focused on elements related to their everyday life

Kosiba v. Merck Co Inc

USDC for the District of New Jerse

Facilitators on networks reveal optimal interplay between information exchange and reciprocity

Reciprocity is firmly established as an important mechanism that promotes cooperation. An efficient information exchange is likewise important, especially on structured populations, where interactions between players are limited. Motivated by these two facts, we explore the role of facilitators in social dilemmas on networks. Facilitators are here mirrors to their neighbors—they cooperate with cooperators and defect with defectors—but they do not participate in the exchange of strategies. As such, in addition to introducing direct reciprocity, they also obstruct information exchange. In well-mixed populations, facilitators favor the replacement and invasion of defection by cooperation as long as their number exceeds a critical value. In structured populations, on the other hand, there exists a delicate balance between the benefits of reciprocity and the deterioration of information exchange. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations of social dilemmas on various interaction networks reveal that there exists an optimal interplay between reciprocity and information exchange, which sets in only when a small number of facilitators occupy the main hubs of the scale-free network. The drawbacks of missing cooperative hubs are more than compensated for by reciprocity and, at the same time, the compromised information exchange is routed via the auxiliary hubs with only marginal losses in effectivity. These results indicate that it is not always optimal for the main hubs to become leaders of the masses, but rather to exploit their highly connected state to promote tit-for-tat-like behavior