The role of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in infection with feline immunodeficiency virus

Infection with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) leads to the development of a disease state similar to AIDS in man. Recent studies have identified the chemokine receptor CXCR4 as the major receptor for cell culture-adapted strains of FIV, suggesting that FIV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) share a common mechanism of infection involving an interaction between the virus and a member of the seven transmembrane domain superfamily of molecules. This article reviews the evidence for the involvement of chemokine receptors in FIV infection and contrasts these findings with similar studies on the primate lentiviruses HIV and SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus)

Identification of a novel retroviral gene unique to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus SIVMAC

Human and simian immunodeficiency-associated retroviruses are extraordinarily complex, containing at least five genes, tat, art, sor, R, and 3' orf, in addition to the structural genes gag, pol, and env. Recently, nucleotide sequence analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus SIVMAC revealed the existence of still another open reading frame, termed X, which is highly conserved between these two viruses but absent from HIV-1. In this report, we demonstrate for the first time that the X open reading frame represents a functional retroviral gene in both HIV-2 and SIVMAC and that it encodes a virion-associated protein of 14 and 12 kilodaltons, respectively. We also describe the production of recombinant TrpE/X fusion proteins in Escherichia coli and show that sera from some HIV-2-infected individuals specifically recognize these proteins

The comparative value of feline virology research: can findings from the feline lentiviral vaccine be translated to humans?

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus of domestic cats that shares several similarities with its human counterpart, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Their analogies include genomic organization, lymphocyte tropism, viral persistence and induction of immunodeficiency. FIV is the only lentivirus for which a commercial vaccine is registered for prevention in either human or veterinary medicine. This provides a unique opportunity to investigate the mechanisms of protection induced by lentivirus vaccines at the population level and might contribute to the development of efficacious HIV vaccines. As well as having comparative value for vaccine studies, FIV research has shed some light on the relationship between lentiviral tropism and pathogenesis. Recent studies in our laboratory demonstrated that the interaction between FIV and its primary receptor changes as disease progresses, reminiscent of the receptor switch observed as disease progresses in HIV infected individuals. Here we summarise findings illustrating that, in addition to its veterinary significance, FIV has comparative value, providing a useful model to explore lentivirus–host interactions and to examine potential immune correlates of protection against HIV infection

Cellulose acetate phthalate, a common pharmaceutical excipient, inactivates HIV-1 and blocks the coreceptor binding site on the virus envelope glycoprotein gp120

BACKGROUND: Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), a pharmaceutical excipient used for enteric film coating of capsules and tablets, was shown to inhibit infection by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and several herpesviruses. CAP formulations inactivated HIV-1, herpesvirus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) and the major nonviral sexually transmitted disease (STD) pathogens and were effective in animal models for vaginal infection by HSV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus. METHODS: Enzyme-linked immunoassays and flow cytometry were used to demonstrate CAP binding to HIV-1 and to define the binding site on the virus envelope. RESULTS: 1) CAP binds to HIV-1 virus particles and to the envelope glycoprotein gp120; 2) this leads to blockade of the gp120 V3 loop and other gp120 sites resulting in diminished reactivity with HIV-1 coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5; 3) CAP binding to HIV-1 virions impairs their infectivity; 4) these findings apply to both HIV-1 IIIB, an X4 virus, and HIV-1 BaL, an R5 virus. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide support for consideration of CAP as a topical microbicide of choice for prevention of STDs, including HIV-1 infection

Implementasi Program Penanggulangan HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) dan AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) di Kabupaten Landak

Tujuan penelitian adalah ingin mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis proses implementasi dan mengungkapkan efektivitas capaian hasil implementasi program pencegahan, fasilitasi dan pengintegrasian penanggulangan HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) dan AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) di Kabupaten Landak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, proses implementasi program pencegahan, fasilitasi dan pengintegrasian penanggulangan HIV dan AIDS di Kabupaten Landak belum terlaksana dengan baik, hal ini terlihat dari aktivitas organisasi, dimana struktur organisasi KPA kurang ideal karena terlalu banyak yang terlibat dan belum didukung dengan pola koordinasi yang baik dan sumber daya yang memadai. Dari aspek interpretasi, masih terdapat perbedaan interpretasi terhadap penanganan HIV dan AIDS oleh stakeholder sehingga berdampak terhadap pendekatan dalam penanggulangan HIV dan AIDS. Dari aspek aplikasi, belum semua kebijakan penanggulangan HIV dan AIDS terlaksana dengan baik sesuai dengan tujuan yang diinginkan karena sebagian besar kegiatan tersebut memiliki tingkat kerumitan. Efektivitas implementasi program pencegahan, fasilitasi dan pengintegrasian penanggulangan HIV dan AIDS di Kabupaten Landak, belum menunjukkan hasil yang sesuai dengan tujuan yang diinginkan, hal ini dikarenakan kebijakan penanggulangan HIV dan AIDS belum didukung oleh kebijakan lokal dan sesuai dengan karakteristik daerah Kabupaten Landak. Selama ini kebijakan penanggulangan HIV dan AIDS lebih banyak dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah, sementara pelaksana kebijakan yang berasal dari masyarakat dan swasta keterlibatannya masih sangat minim. Target kebijakan cenderung dilaksanakan kepada kelompok umum, sementara kelompok yang rentan/beresiko kurang dilakukan

Peripartum infections and associated maternal mortality in rural Malawi

Article approval pendingTo assess associations between maternal mortality and severe morbidity and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, uptake of antiretroviral therapy, obstetric infections, and nonobstetric infections in a rural Malawian district, where the estimated HIV prevalence is 21%

Informasi Dasar Infeksi Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Dan Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Human immunodeficiency virus yang selanjutnya disingkat HIV adalah virus yang menyebabkan Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Infeksi Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dan Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) merupakan suatu spektrum dari penyakit infeksi pada sistem imun yang disebabkan oleh Human immunodeficiency virus sehingga menyebabkan imunodefisiensi. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome adalah suatu kumpulan gejala berkurangnya kemampuan pertahanan diri yang disebabkan oleh masuknya virus HIV dalam tubuh seseorang. Orang dengan HIV dan AIDS yang selanjutnya disingkat ODHA adalah orang yang terinfeksi virus HIV

Normalization of Negative Stigma Against HIV/AIDS Patients: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a public health problem that stigmatizes its victims. Mental attacks, as a result of labeling and discrimination, result in psychological suffering and well-being for persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), necessitating adequate treatment. Thus, it is critical for this research to undertake a systematic assessment of scientific articles on Negative Stigma Against People Living with HIV/AIDS. This study used a descriptive analysis approach to examine publications containing the terms HIV/AIDS stigma that were published in the Scopus database between 2011 and 2018. The data is then processed and visualized using Vosviewer software, and the results show the four most dominant concepts studied by the previous author, namely human, female and human immunodeficiency virus infection. The contribution of this research is to become a reference to find out the root of the problem and the harmful impact of stigmatization on people with HIV/AIDS to help formulate recommendations for prevention and treatment that can be done (normalization). However, this research is limited because the data source only comes from Scopus. Therefore, to produce a comparative, broad, and comprehensive analysis, further studies need to include sources of other reputable international journals such as the Web of Science (WoS)

Liposomal amphotericin B for visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-coinfected patients: 2-year treatment outcomes in Bihar, India

Reports on treatment outcomes of visceral leishmaniasis (VL)-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection in India are lacking. To our knowledge, none have studied the efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B in VL-HIV coinfection. We report the 2-year treatment outcomes of VL-HIV-coinfected patients treated with liposomal amphotericin B followed by combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) in Bihar, India

Complement-Mediated Virus Infectivity Neutralisation by HLA Antibodies Is Associated with Sterilising Immunity to SIV Challenge in the Macaque Model for HIV/AIDS.

Sterilising immunity is a desired outcome for vaccination against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and has been observed in the macaque model using inactivated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). This protection was attributed to antibodies specific for cell proteins including human leucocyte antigens (HLA) class I and II incorporated into virions during vaccine and challenge virus preparation. We show here, using HLA bead arrays, that vaccinated macaques protected from virus challenge had higher serum antibody reactivity compared with non-protected animals. Moreover, reactivity was shown to be directed against HLA framework determinants. Previous studies failed to correlate serum antibody mediated virus neutralisation with protection and were confounded by cytotoxic effects. Using a virus entry assay based on TZM-bl cells we now report that, in the presence of complement, serum antibody titres that neutralise virus infectivity were higher in protected animals. We propose that complement-augmented virus neutralisation is a key factor in inducing sterilising immunity and may be difficult to achieve with HIV/SIV Env-based vaccines. Understanding how to overcome the apparent block of inactivated SIV vaccines to elicit anti-envelope protein antibodies that effectively engage the complement system could enable novel anti-HIV antibody vaccines that induce potent, virolytic serological response to be developed