Frequency Domain Hybrid-ARQ Chase Combining for Broadband MIMO CDMA Systems

In this paper, we consider high-speed wireless packet access using code division multiple access (CDMA) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO). Current wireless standards, such as high speed packet access (HSPA), have adopted multi-code transmission and hybrid-automatic repeat request (ARQ) as major technologies for delivering high data rates. The key technique in hybrid-ARQ, is that erroneous data packets are kept in the receiver to detect/decode retransmitted ones. This strategy is refereed to as packet combining. In CDMA MIMO-based wireless packet access, multi-code transmission suffers from severe performance degradation due to the loss of code orthogonality caused by both interchip interference (ICI) and co-antenna interference (CAI). This limitation results in large transmission delays when an ARQ mechanism is used in the link layer. In this paper, we investigate efficient minimum mean square error (MMSE) frequency domain equalization (FDE)-based iterative (turbo) packet combining for cyclic prefix (CP)-CDMA MIMO with Chase-type ARQ. We introduce two turbo packet combining schemes: i) In the first scheme, namely "chip-level turbo packet combining", MMSE FDE and packet combining are jointly performed at the chip-level. ii) In the second scheme, namely "symbol-level turbo packet combining", chip-level MMSE FDE and despreading are separately carried out for each transmission, then packet combining is performed at the level of the soft demapper. The computational complexity and memory requirements of both techniques are quite insensitive to the ARQ delay, i.e., maximum number of ARQ rounds. The throughput is evaluated for some representative antenna configurations and load factors to show the gains offered by the proposed techniques.Comment: Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology (Apr 2009

Near-Instantaneously Adaptive HSDPA-Style OFDM Versus MC-CDMA Transceivers for WIFI, WIMAX, and Next-Generation Cellular Systems

Burts-by-burst (BbB) adaptive high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) style multicarrier systems are reviewed, identifying their most critical design aspects. These systems exhibit numerous attractive features, rendering them eminently eligible for employment in next-generation wireless systems. It is argued that BbB-adaptive or symbol-by-symbol adaptive orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) modems counteract the near instantaneous channel quality variations and hence attain an increased throughput or robustness in comparison to their fixed-mode counterparts. Although they act quite differently, various diversity techniques, such as Rake receivers and space-time block coding (STBC) are also capable of mitigating the channel quality variations in their effort to reduce the bit error ratio (BER), provided that the individual antenna elements experience independent fading. By contrast, in the presence of correlated fading imposed by shadowing or time-variant multiuser interference, the benefits of space-time coding erode and it is unrealistic to expect that a fixed-mode space-time coded system remains capable of maintaining a near-constant BER

Técnicas de equalização e pré-codificação para sistemas MC-CDMA

Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e TelecomunicaçõesO número de dispositivos com ligações e aplicações sem fios está a aumentar exponencialmente, causando problemas de interferência e diminuindo a capacidade do sistema. Isto desencadeou uma procura por uma eficiência espectral superior e, consequentemente, tornou-se necessário desenvolver novas arquitecturas celulares que suportem estas novas exigências. Coordenação ou cooperação multicelular é uma arquitectura promissora para sistemas celulares sem fios. Esta ajuda a mitigar a interferência entre células, melhorando a equidade e a capacidade do sistema. É, portanto, uma arquitectura já em estudo ao abrigo da tecnologia LTE-Advanced sob o conceito de coordenação multiponto (CoMP). Nesta dissertação, considerámos um sistema coordenado MC-CDMA com pré-codificação e equalização iterativas. Uma das técnicas mais eficientes de pré-codificação é o alinhamento de interferências (IA). Este é um conceito relativamente novo que permite aumentar a capacidade do sistema em canais de elevada interferência. Sabe-se que, para os sistemas MC-CDMA, os equalizadores lineares convencionais não são os mais eficientes, devido à interferência residual entre portadoras (ICI). No entanto, a equalização iterativa no domínio da frequência (FDE) foi identificada como sendo uma das técnicas mais eficientes para lidar com ICI e explorar a diversidade oferecida pelos sistemas MIMO MC-CDMA. Esta técnica é baseada no conceito Iterative Block Decision Feedback Equalization (IB-DFE). Nesta dissertação, é proposto um sistema MC-CDMA que une a pré-codificação iterativa do alinhamento de interferências no transmissor ao equalizador baseado no IB-DFE, com cancelamento sucessivo de interferências (SIC) no receptor. Este é construído por dois blocos: um filtro linear, que mitiga a interferência inter-utilizador, seguido por um bloco iterativo no domínio da frequência, que separa eficientemente os fluxos de dados espaciais na presença de interferência residual inter-utilizador alinhada. Este esquema permite atingir o número máximo de graus de liberdade e permite simultaneamente um ganho óptimo de diversidade espacial. O desempenho deste esquema está perto do filtro adaptado- Matched Filter Bound (MFB).The number of devices with wireless connections and applications is increasing exponentially, causing interference problems and reducing the system’s capacity gain. This initiated a search for a higher spectral efficiency and therefore it became necessary to develop new cellular architectures that support these new requirements. Multicell cooperation or coordination is a promising architecture for cellular wireless systems to mitigate intercell interference, improving system fairness and increasing capacity, and thus is already under study in LTE-Advanced under the coordinated multipoint (CoMP) concept. In this thesis, efficient iterative precoding and equalization is considered for coordinated MC-CDMA based systems. One of the most efficient precoding techniques is interference alignment (IA), which is a relatively new concept that allows high capacity gains in interfering channels. It is well known that for MC-CDMA systems standard linear equalizers are not the most efficient due to residual inter carrier interference (ICI). However, iterative frequency-domain equalization (FDE) has been identified as one of the most efficient technique to deal with ICI and exploit the inherent space-frequency diversity of the MIMO MC-CDMA systems, namely the one based on Iterative Block Decision Feedback Equalization (IB-DFE) concept. In this thesis, it is proposed a MC-CDMA system that joins iterative IA precoding at the transmitter with IB-DFE successive interference cancellation (SIC) based receiver structure. The receiver is implemented in two steps: a linear filter, which mitigates the inter-user aligned interference, followed by an iterative frequency-domain receiver, which efficiently separates the spatial streams in the presence of residual inter-user aligned interference. This scheme provides the maximum degrees of freedom (DoF) and allows almost the optimum space-diversity gain. The scheme performance is close to the matched filter bound (MFB)

Multi-carrier transmission techniques toward flexible and efficient wireless communication systems

制度:新 ; 文部省報告番号:甲2562号 ; 学位の種類:博士(国際情報通信学) ; 授与年月日:2008/3/15 ; 早大学位記番号:新470

Soft detection and decoding in wideband CDMA systems

A major shift is taking place in the world of telecommunications towards a communications environment where a range of new data services will be available for mobile users. This shift is already visible in several areas of wireless communications, including cellular systems, wireless LANs, and satellite systems. The provision of flexible high-quality wireless data services requires a new approach on both the radio interface specification and the design and the implementation of the various transceiver algorithms. On the other hand, when the processing power available in the receivers increases, more complex receiver algorithms become feasible. The general problem addressed in this thesis is the application of soft detection and decoding algorithms in the wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) receivers, both in the base stations and in the mobile terminals, so that good performance is achieved but that the computational complexity remains acceptable. In particular, two applications of soft detection and soft decoding are studied: coded multiuser detection in the CDMA base station and improved RAKE-based reception employing soft detection in the mobile terminal. For coded multiuser detection, we propose a novel receiver structure that utilizes the decoding information for multiuser detection. We analyze the performance and derive lower bounds for the capacity of interference cancellation CDMA receivers when using channel coding to improve the reliability of tentative decisions. For soft decision and decoding techniques in the CDMA downlink, we propose a modified maximal ratio combining (MRC) scheme that is more suitable for RAKE receivers in WCDMA mobile terminals than the conventional MRC scheme. We also introduce an improved soft-output RAKE detector that is especially suitable for low spreading gains and high-order modulation schemes. Finally we analyze the gain obtained through the use of Brennan's MRC scheme and our modified MRC scheme. Throughout this thesis Bayesian networks are utilized to develop algorithms for soft detection and decoding problems. This approach originates from the initial stages of this research, where Bayesian networks and algorithms using such graphical models (e.g. the so-called sum-product algorithm) were used to identify new receiver algorithms. In the end, this viewpoint may not be easily noticeable in the final form of the algorithms, mainly because the practical efficiency considerations forced us to select simplified variants of the algorithms. However, this viewpoint is important to emphasize the underlying connection between the apparently different soft detection and decision algorithms described in this thesis.reviewe

Indoor Radio Measurement and Planning for UMTS/HSPDA with Antennas

Over the last decade, mobile communication networks have evolved tremendously with a key focus on providing high speed data services in addition to voice. The third generation of mobile networks in the form of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is already offering revolutionary mobile broadband experience to its users by deploying High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) as its packet-data technology. With data speeds up to 14.4 Mbps and ubiquitous mobility, HSDPA is anticipated to become a preferred broadband access medium for end-users via mobile phones, laptops etc. While majority of these end-users are located indoors most of the time, approximately 70-80% of the HSDPA traffic is estimated to originate from inside buildings. Thus for network operators, indoor coverage has become a necessity for technical and business reasons. Macro-cellular (outdoor) to indoor coverage is a natural inexpensive way of providing network coverage inside the buildings. However, it does not guarantee sufficient link quality required for optimal HSDPA operation. On the contrary, deploying a dedicated indoor system may be far too expensive from an operator\u27s point of view. In this thesis, the concept is laid for the understanding of indoor radio wave propagation in a campus building environment which could be used to plan and improve outdoor-to-indoor UMTS/HSDPA radio propagation performance. It will be shown that indoor range performance depends not only on the transmit power of an indoor antenna, but also on the product\u27s response to multipath and obstructions in the environment along the radio propagation path. An extensive measurement campaign will be executed in different indoor environments analogous to easy, medium and hard radio conditions. The effects of walls, ceilings, doors and other obstacles on measurement results would be observed. Chapter one gives a brief introduction to the evolution of UMTS and HSDPA. It goes on to talk about radio wave propagation and some important properties of antennas which must be considered when choosing an antenna for indoor radio propagation. The challenges of in-building network coverage and also the objectives of this thesis are also mentioned in this chapter. The evolution and standardization, network architecture, radio features and most importantly, the radio resource management features of UMTS/HSDPA are given in chapter two. In this chapter, the reason why Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) was specified and selected for 3G (UMTS) systems would be seen. The architecture of the radio access network, interfaces with the radio access network between base stations and radio network controllers (RNC), and the interface between the radio access network and the core network are also described in this chapter. The main features of HSDPA are mentioned at the end of the chapter. In chapter three the principles of the WCDMA air interface, including spreading, Rake reception, signal fading, power control and handovers are introduced. The different types and characteristics of the propagation environments and how they influence radio wave propagation are mentioned. UMTS transport, logical and physical channels are also mentioned, highlighting their significance and relationship in and with the network. Radio network planning for UMTS is discussed in chapter four. The outdoor planning process which includes dimensioning, detailed planning, optimization and monitoring is outlined. Indoor radio planning with distributed antenna systems (DAS), which is the idea and motivation behind this thesis work, is also discussed. The various antennas considered and the antenna that was selected for this thesis experiment was discussed in chapter five. The antenna radiation pattern, directivity, gain and input impedance were the properties of the antenna that were taken into consideration. The importance of the choice of the antenna for any particular type of indoor environment is also mentioned. In chapter six, the design and fabrication of the monopole antennas used for the experimental measurement is mentioned. The procedure for measurement and the equipment used are also discussed. The results gotten from the experiment are finally analyzed and discussed. In this chapter the effect of walls, floors, doors, ceilings and other obstacles on radio wave propagation will be seen. Finally, chapter seven concludes this thesis work and gives some directions for future work

Técnicas de processamento com múltiplas antenas para o sistema LTE

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e TelecomunicaçõesPerformance, mobilidade e partilha podem ser consideras como as três palavras-chave nas comunicações móveis de hoje em dia. Uma das necessidades fundamentais do ser humano é a partilha de experiencias e informação. Com a evolução ao nível do hardware móvel, a crescente popularidade de smartphones, tablets e outros dispositivos moveis, fez com que a exigência em termos de capacidade e taxa de transferência por parte das redes móveis não parasse de crescer. As limitações das redes 3G fizeram com que não conseguissem corresponder a tais exigências e como tal, a transição para uma tecnologia mais robusta e eficiente passou a ser inevitável. A resposta escolhida como solução a longo prazo é a rede designada por LTE, desenvolvida pela organização 3GPP é assumido que será a rede de telecomunicações predominante no futuro. As vantagens mais sonantes são, naturalmente, elevadas taxas de transmissão, maior eficiência espectral, redução da latência e de custos de operação. As principais tecnologias em que o LTE se baseia, são o OFDM e sua variante para múltiplo acesso, OFDMA, usado para o downlink e o SC-FDMA para o uplink. Além disso, usa sistemas com múltiplas antenas para impulsionar a eficiência espectral. Apesar de já implementado em alguns países por diversas operadoras, constantes pesquisas continuam a ser realizadas com o intuito de melhorar a sua performance. Nesta dissertação é proposto um esquema duplo de codificação na frequência e no espaço (D-SFBC) para um cenário baseado em OFDM com 4 antenas de transmissão e duas antenas de recepção (4 × 2 D-SFBC) para o downlink. No cenário considerado, 4 símbolos de dados são transmitidos utilizando unicamente 2 sub-portadoras, fazendo com que, este sistema seja limitado pela interferência. Para de forma eficiente descodificar os símbolos de dados transmitidos, foi desenvolvido um equalizador iterativo no domínio da frequência. Duas abordagens são consideradas: cancelamento da interferência em paralelo (PIC) e sucessivo cancelamento de interferência (SIC). Uma vez que apenas 2 sub-portadoras são usadas para transmitir quatro símbolos de dados em paralelo, o esquema desenvolvido duplica a taxa de dados quando comparado com o esquema 2 × 2 SFBC, especificado no standard do LTE. Os esquemas desenvolvidos foram avaliados sob as especificações para LTE e usando codificação de canal. Os resultados mostram que os esquemas implementados neste trabalho utilizando um equalizador iterativo supera os convencionais equalizadores lineares na eliminação da interferência adicional introduzida, em apenas 2 ou 3 iterações.Performance, mobility and sharing can be assumed as the three keywords in the mobile communications nowadays. One of the fundamental needs of human beings is to share experiences and information. With the evolution of mobile hardware level, the growing popularity of smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices, has made that the demand in terms of capacity and throughput by mobile networks did not stop growing. Thus, the limitations of 3G stops it of being the answer of such demand, and a transition to a powerful technology has become unavoidable. The answer chosen is LTE, developed by the 3GPP organization is assumed to be the predominant telecommunications network in the future. The most relevant advantages are high transmission rates, higher spectral efficiency, reducing latency and operating costs. The key technologies in which LTE is based, are OFDM and its variant schemes for multiple access, OFDMA, used for downlink, and SC-FDMA for the uplink. It also uses multiple antennas systems in order to improve spectral efficiency. Although already implemented in some countries by several operators, continuous research is conducted in order to improve their performance. In this dissertation it is proposed a double space-frequency block coding (D-SFBC) scheme for an OFDM based scenario with 4 transmit antennas and 2 receive antennas (4×2 D-SFBC) for the downlink. In the considered scenario, 4 data symbols are transmitted by using only 2 subcarriers and thus the system is interference limited. To efficiently decode the transmitted data symbols an iterative equalizer designed in frequency domain is developed. Two approaches are considered: parallel interference cancellation (PIC) and successive interference cancellation (SIC). Since only 2 subcarriers are used to transmit 4 data symbols in parallel the developed scheme achieve the double data rate when compared with the 2×2 SFBC, specified in the LTE standard. The developed schemes were evaluated under the main LTE specifications and using channel coding. The results have show that the schemes implemented in this work using an interactive equalizer outperforms the conventional linear equalizers in the interference removal, just by using 2 or 3 iterations