Effect of Information Content in Sensory Feedback on Typing Performance using a Flat Keyboard

Abstract-We investigate the effect of information content in sensory feedback on typing performance using a flat keyboard. We build a flat keyboard apparatus with haptic and auditory keyclick feedback. We evaluate and compare typing performance with key-press confirmation and key-correctness information through sensory feedback. Twelve participants are asked to touch-type a number of randomly selected phrases under various combinations of visual, auditory and haptic sensory feedback conditions. The results show that typing speed is not significantly affected by the information content in sensory feedback, but the uncorrected error rate is significantly lower when key-correctness information is available. The results also show that key-correctness information leads to more corrected errors and lowers typing efficiency. Our findings are useful for developing flat keyboards with assistive information through sensory feedback. Our study is the first step towards improving typing performance on flat keyboards by delivering more advanced and comprehensive assistive information beyond the visual channel

The Effect of Tactile and Audio Feedback in Handheld Mobile Text Entry

Effects of tactile and audio feedback are examined in the context of touchscreen and mobile use. Prior experimental research is graphically summarized by task type (handheld text entry, tabletop text entry, non-text input), tactile feedback type (active, passive), and significant findings, revealing a research gap evaluating passive tactile feedback in handheld text entry (a.k.a. texting ). A passive custom tactile overlay is evaluated in a new experiment wherein 24 participants perform a handheld text entry task on an iPhone under four tactile and audio feedback conditions with measures of text entry speed and accuracy. Results indicate audio feedback produces better performance, while the tactile overlay degrades performance, consistent with reviewed literature. Contrary to previous findings, the combined feedback condition did not produce improved performance. Findings are discussed in light of skill-based behavior and feed-forward control principles described by Gibson (1966) and Rasmussen (1983)

Travelling Ultrasonic Wave Enhances Keyclick Sensation

International audienceA realistic keyclick sensation is a serious challenge for haptic feedback since vibrotactile rendering faces the limitation of the absence of contact force as experienced on physical buttons. It has been shown that creating a keyclick sensation is possible with stepwise ultrasonic friction modulation. However, the intensity of the sensation is limited by the impedance of the fingertip and by the absence of a lateral force component external to the finger. In our study, we compare this technique to rendering with an ultrasonic travelling wave, which exerts a lateral force on the fingertip. For both techniques, participants were asked to report the detection (or not) of a keyclick during a forced choice one interval procedure. In experiment 1, participants could press the surface as many time as they wanted for a given trial. In experiment 2, they were constrained to press only once. The results show a lower perceptual threshold for travelling waves. Moreover, participants pressed less times per trial and exerted smaller normal force on the surface. The subjective quality of the sensation was found similar for both techniques. In general, haptic feedback based on travelling ultrasonic waves is promising for applications without lateral motion of the finger

Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Multisensory Integration

abstract: We experience spatial separation and temporal asynchrony between visual and haptic information in many virtual-reality, augmented-reality, or teleoperation systems. Three studies were conducted to examine the spatial and temporal characteristic of multisensory integration. Participants interacted with virtual springs using both visual and haptic senses, and their perception of stiffness and ability to differentiate stiffness were measured. The results revealed that a constant visual delay increased the perceived stiffness, while a variable visual delay made participants depend more on the haptic sensations in stiffness perception. We also found that participants judged stiffness stiffer when they interact with virtual springs at faster speeds, and interaction speed was positively correlated with stiffness overestimation. In addition, it has been found that participants could learn an association between visual and haptic inputs despite the fact that they were spatially separated, resulting in the improvement of typing performance. These results show the limitations of Maximum-Likelihood Estimation model, suggesting that a Bayesian inference model should be used.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation Human Systems Engineering 201

Creating Embedded Haptic Waveguides in a 3D-Printed Surface to Improve Haptic Mediation for Surface-based Interaction

acceptedVersionPeer reviewe

Haptics: Science, Technology, Applications

This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human Haptic Sensing and Touch Enabled Computer Applications, EuroHaptics 2020, held in Leiden, The Netherlands, in September 2020. The 60 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 111 submissions. The were organized in topical sections on haptic science, haptic technology, and haptic applications. This year's focus is on accessibility

Understanding Hand Interactions and Mid-Air Haptic Responses within Virtual Reality and Beyond.

Hand tracking has long been seen as a futuristic interaction, firmly situated into the realms of sci-fi. Recent developments and technological advancements have brought that dream into reality, allowing for real-time interactions by naturally moving and positioning your hand. While these developments have enabled numerous research projects, it is only recently that businesses and devices are truly starting to implement and integrate the technology into their different sectors. Numerous devices are shifting towards a fully self- contained ecosystem, where the removal of controllers could significantly help in reducing barriers to entry. Prior studies have focused on the effects or possible areas for implementation of hand tracking, but rarely focus on the direct comparisons of technologies, nor do they attempt to reproduce lost capabilities. With this prevailing background, the work presented in this thesis aims to understand the benefits and negatives of hand tracking when treated as the primary interaction method within virtual reality (VR) environments. Coupled with this, the implementation and usage of novel mid-air ultrasound-based haptics attempt to reintroduce feedback that would have been achieved through conventional controller interactions. Two unique user studies were undertaken, testing core underlying interactions within VR that represent common instances found throughout simulations. The first study focuses on the interactions presented within 3D VR user interfaces, with a core topic of buttons. While the second study directly compares input and haptic modalities within two different fine motor skill tasks. These studies are coupled with the development and implementation of a real-time user study recording toolkit, allowing for significantly heightened user analysis and visual evaluation of interactions. Results from these studies and developments make valuable contributions to the research and business knowledge of hand tracking interactions, as well as providing a uniquely valuable open-source toolkit for other researchers to use. This thesis covers work undertaken at Ultraleap over varying projects between 2018 and 2021

Haptics: Science, Technology, Applications

This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human Haptic Sensing and Touch Enabled Computer Applications, EuroHaptics 2020, held in Leiden, The Netherlands, in September 2020. The 60 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 111 submissions. The were organized in topical sections on haptic science, haptic technology, and haptic applications. This year's focus is on accessibility