The use of LANDSAT digital data to detect and monitor vegetation water deficiencies

A technique devised using a vector transformation of LANDSAT digital data to indicate when vegetation is undergoing moisture stress is described. A relation established between the remote sensing-based criterion (the Green Index Number) and a ground-based criterion (Crop Moisture Index) is discussed

Perubahan Index Hijau di Kelurahan Moodu Kecamatan Kota Timur Kota Gorontalo (Change Of Green Index In Kelurahan Moodu Kecamatan Kota Timur Of Gorontalo City)

– Peningkatan pembangunan pada wilayah perkotaan mengakibatkan terjadinya penurunan kualitas lingkungan sehingga perlu dilakukan kajian tentang index hijau per kapita untuk mengetahui jumlah kebutuhan ruang hijau serta menganalisis Perubahan luas area hijau dalam kurun waktu 5 tahun. Penelitian ini bersifat kuantitatif dengan menggunakan Aplikasi ArcGIS melalui Sistem Informasi Geografis untuk menghitung luas area hijau serta menghitung index hijau (green index) menggunakan rumus matematika. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa green index per kapita pada tahun 2013 adalah 15,30 m2 mengalami peningkatan pada tahun 2018 sebesar 16,22 m2. Meskipun demikian, kondisi ini belum sesuai dengan kajian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya yaitu standar green index 20 m2 per kapita. Kata kunci: index hijau, area hijau, lingkungan, perkotaa

Process analysis through a Green Chemistry grid

In this work, a grid capable of evaluating the sustainability of different processes and comparing them with each other based on the Green Chemistry framework was created. The grid was made principle by principle, with it containing 15 principles (the 12 principles of Green Chemistry and an additional 3 applications of free metrics) integrated between 0 (worst scenario) and 1 (best scenario) and a green index (final value) for the process between 0 (worst scenario) and 15 (best scenario). The grid’s application was studied using processes described in literature: (1) Two related to fine chemistry, the synthesis of hydrazide hydrates through the conventional route or using microwaves and (2) two related to bulk chemistry, the synthesis of anionic polyacrylamide copolymers through copolymerization or through an homopolymerization followed by a hydrolysis. Having concluded the tests, the grid fulfilled its objectives and generated values between 0 and 1 for all principles and a green index between 0 and 15. These values allowed the processes to be compared with this assessment being carried out by industry segment: (i) For the processes related to fine chemistry, the synthesis of hydrazide hydrates using microwaves was considered superior to the conventional synthesis (respectively an 11.80 and 7.61 green index) and (ii) for the processes related to bulk chemistry, the synthesis of anionic polyacrylamide copolymers through a copolymerization was considered inferior to the synthesis through an homopolymerization followed by a hydrolysis (respectively an 8.04 and10.29 green index). The creation of this grid has, as such, contributed for a significant advancement in the assessment of processes based on the Green Chemistry framework, due to the possibility of evaluating them in a detailed and qualitative fashion, being possible to compare and serialize different processes from a sustainability point of view, until now addressed mostly qualitatively and variably between processes

Hopfian and co-hopfian subsemigroups and extensions

This paper investigates the preservation of hopficity and co-hopficity on passing to finite-index subsemigroups and extensions. It was already known that hopficity is not preserved on passing to finite Rees index subsemigroups, even in the finitely generated case. We give a stronger example to show that it is not preserved even in the finitely presented case. It was also known that hopficity is not preserved in general on passing to finite Rees index extensions, but that it is preserved in the finitely generated case. We show that, in contrast, hopficity is not preserved on passing to finite Green index extensions, even within the class of finitely presented semigroups. Turning to co-hopficity, we prove that within the class of finitely generated semigroups, co-hopficity is preserved on passing to finite Rees index extensions, but is not preserved on passing to finite Rees index subsemigroups, even in the finitely presented case. Finally, by linking co-hopficity for graphs to co-hopficity for semigroups, we show that without the hypothesis of finite generation, co-hopficity is not preserved on passing to finite Rees index extensions.Comment: 15 pages; 3 figures. Revision to fix minor errors and add summary table

Understanding Open Spaces in an Arid City

abstract: This doctoral dissertation research aims to develop a comprehensive definition of urban open spaces and to determine the extent of environmental, social and economic impacts of open spaces on cities and the people living there. The approach I take to define urban open space is to apply fuzzy set theory to conceptualize the physical characteristics of open spaces. In addition, a 'W-green index' is developed to quantify the scope of greenness in urban open spaces. Finally, I characterize the environmental impact of open spaces' greenness on the surface temperature, explore the social benefits through observing recreation and relaxation, and identify the relationship between housing price and open space be creating a hedonic model on nearby housing to quantify the economic impact. Fuzzy open space mapping helps to investigate the landscape characteristics of existing-recognized open spaces as well as other areas that can serve as open spaces. Research findings indicated that two fuzzy open space values are effective to the variability in different land-use types and between arid and humid cities. W-Green index quantifies the greenness for various types of open spaces. Most parks in Tempe, Arizona are grass-dominant with higher W-Green index, while natural landscapes are shrub-dominant with lower index. W-Green index has the advantage to explain vegetation composition and structural characteristics in open spaces. The outputs of comprehensive analyses show that the different qualities and types of open spaces, including size, greenness, equipment (facility), and surrounding areas, have different patterns in the reduction of surface temperature and the number of physical activities. The variance in housing prices through the distance to park was, however, not clear in this research. This dissertation project provides better insight into how to describe, plan, and prioritize the functions and types of urban open spaces need for sustainable living. This project builds a comprehensive framework for analyzing urban open spaces in an arid city. This dissertation helps expand the view for urban environment and play a key role in establishing a strategy and finding decision-makings.Dissertation/ThesisPh.D. Geography 201

Results of Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE) drought analysis (South Dakota drought 1976)

LACIE using techniques developed from the southern Great Plains drought analysis indicated the potential for drought damage in South Dakota. This potential was monitored and as it became apparent that a drought was developing, LACIE implemented some of the procedures used in the southern Great Plains drought. The technical approach used in South Dakota involved the normal use of LACIE sample segments (5 x 6 nm) every 18 days. Full frame color transparencies (100 x 100 nm) were used on 9 day intervals to identify the drought area and to track overtime. The green index number (GIN) developed using the Kauth transformation was computed for all South Dakota segments and selected North Dakota segments. A scheme for classifying segments as drought affected or not affected was devised and tested on all available 1976 South Dakota data. Yield model simulations were run for all CRD's Crop Reporting District) in South Dakota

PERUBAHAN INDEX HIJAU DI KELURAHAN MOODU KECAMATAN KOTA TIMUR KOTA GORONTALO (Change Of Green Index In Kelurahan Moodu Kecamatan Kota Timur Of Gorontalo City)

Abstract - Increased development in urban areas has resulted in a decrease in the quality of the environment so it is necessary to study the green per capita index to find out the number of green space requirements and analyze changes in green area within 5 years. This research is quantitative by using the ArcGIS Application through the Geographic Information System to calculate the green area and calculate the green index (green index) using mathematical formulas. The results showed that the green index per capita in 2013 was 15.30 m2 which increased in 2018 by 16.22 m2. Nevertheless, this condition is not in accordance with the studies that have been carried out previously, namely the green index standard of 20 m2 per capita. Keywords: green index, green area, environment, cities Abstrak – Peningkatan pembangunan pada wilayah perkotaan mengakibatkan terjadinya penurunan kualitas lingkungan sehingga perlu dilakukan kajian tentang index hijau per kapita untuk mengetahui jumlah kebutuhan ruang hijau serta menganalisis perubahan luas area hijau dalam kurun waktu 5 tahun. Penelitian ini bersifat kuantitatif dengan menggunakan Aplikasi ArcGIS melalui Sistem Informasi Geografis untuk menghitung luas area hijau serta menghitung index hijau (green index) menggunakan rumus matematika. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa green index per kapita pada tahun 2013 adalah 15,30 m2 mengalami peningkatan pada tahun 2018 sebesar 16,22 m2. Meskipun demikian, kondisi ini belum sesuai dengan kajian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya yaitu standar green index 20 m2 per kapita. Kata kunci: index hijau, area hijau, lingkungan, perkotaa

Pewter

1 volume. 5 pages : chiefly illustrations. One leaf inserted after last numbered page: Pewter Price List, effective February 1, 1932. Black paper cover, title, decorations, and illustration printed in silver and green. Index on last page. Brass clasp binding. Purchased from the V. Stephen Vaughan Collection.https://digitalcommons.risd.edu/specialcollections_reedandbarton_catalogs/1002/thumbnail.jp

PERUBAHAN INDEX HIJAU DI KELURAHAN MOODU KECAMATAN KOTA TIMUR KOTA GORONTALO (Change Of Green Index In Kelurahan Moodu Kecamatan Kota Timur Of Gorontalo City)

Abstract - Increased development in urban areas has resulted in a decrease in the quality of the environment so it is necessary to study the green per capita index to find out the number of green space requirements and analyze changes in green area within 5 years. This research is quantitative by using the ArcGIS Application through the Geographic Information System to calculate the green area and calculate the green index (green index) using mathematical formulas. The results showed that the green index per capita in 2013 was 15.30 m2 which increased in 2018 by 16.22 m2. Nevertheless, this condition is not in accordance with the studies that have been carried out previously, namely the green index standard of 20 m2 per capita. Keywords: green index, green area, environment, cities Abstrak – Peningkatan pembangunan pada wilayah perkotaan mengakibatkan terjadinya penurunan kualitas lingkungan sehingga perlu dilakukan kajian tentang index hijau per kapita untuk mengetahui jumlah kebutuhan ruang hijau serta menganalisis perubahan luas area hijau dalam kurun waktu 5 tahun. Penelitian ini bersifat kuantitatif dengan menggunakan Aplikasi ArcGIS melalui Sistem Informasi Geografis untuk menghitung luas area hijau serta menghitung index hijau (green index) menggunakan rumus matematika. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa green index per kapita pada tahun 2013 adalah 15,30 m2 mengalami peningkatan pada tahun 2018 sebesar 16,22 m2. Meskipun demikian, kondisi ini belum sesuai dengan kajian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya yaitu standar green index 20 m2 per kapita. Kata kunci: index hijau, area hijau, lingkungan, perkotaa