On Risale-i Zeban and Formation of Turkish Grammar Tradition in Anatolia

14-16. yüzyıllar arasında Anadolu' da yazılan gramer kitaplarında Anadolu Türkçesinde kullanılan bazı morfolojik ve sentaktik yapılar gramer formları olarak değerlendirilirken bazı yaygın formlar düzenli olarak gramer kitaplarının dışında tutulmuştur. Bu makale, bu dönem telif ve tercüme gramer kitaplarında bir gelenek olarak izlenen Anadolu gramerciliği anlayışının hangi özelliklere sahip olduğunu ve bu anlayışın hangi şartlar sonucu meydana geldiğini Risâle-i Zebân isimli Farsça-Türkçe gramer kitabı temelinde incelemektedir. As certain morphological and syntactic forrus of Anatolian Turkish were accepted as formal grammatical forrus in the grammar works that written between the 14th and 16th centuries in and around Anatolia, some common forrus were regularly disregarded. Based on the data gathered of the Persian-Turkish interlinear grammar work Risâle-i Zebân, this article discusses the questions of what characteristics this Anatolian grammar writing had that was followed as traditional method, and of what basic factors were behind the creation and development of it

Notes on the Food of Cychrini (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

In this paper, the food of nineteen species of Cychrini is given, for three genera: Cychrus, Scaphinotus and Sphaeroderus. The beetles of this tribe seem to be nearly exclusively carnivorous, feeding principally on snails and slugs, exceptionally on insects and vegetable matter. The head is narrow and prolonged; the mandibles are elongate and prominent, with two acute median teeth in outer half, apparently well adapted for entering the opening of a snail shell. The beetles may be useful in keeping down harmful molluscs. The purpose of this study was to compile a list of data on the food of some Cychrini, from the literature and observations in the field. Almost all species live in forest country and appear to be nocturnal. Cychrus caraboides Linne, Cychrus dufouri Chaudoir, Scaphinotus bilobus Say and Sphaeroderus lecontei Dejean have been noted searching for food on rainy days

Variable boundary II heat conduction

Computer program for solving both transient and steady-state heat transfer problems is presented. Specific applications of computer program are described. Formulation for individual nodes of solid medium for heat balance is presented. Diffusion equation is solved for all nodes simultaneously at finite increments of time

Antigenic and genetic evolution of contemporary swine H1 influenza viruses in the United States

Several lineages of influenza A viruses (IAV) currently circulate in North American pigs. Genetic diversity is further increased by transmission of IAV between swine and humans and subsequent evolution. Here, we characterized the genetic and antigenic evolution of contemporary swine H1N1 and H1N2 viruses representing clusters H1-α (1A.1), H1-β (1A.2), H1pdm (1A.3.3.2), H1-γ (1A.3.3.3), H1-δ1 (1B.2.2), and H1-δ2 (1B.2.1) currently circulating in pigs in the United States. The δ1-viruses diversified into two new genetic clades, H1-δ1a (1B.2.2.1) and H1-δ1b (1B.2.2.2), which were also antigenically distinct from the earlier H1-δ1-viruses. Further characterization revealed that a few key amino acid changes were associated with antigenic divergence in these groups. The continued genetic and antigenic evolution of contemporary H1 viruses might lead to loss of vaccine cross-protection that could lead to significant economic impact to the swine industry, and represents a challenge to public health initiatives that attempt to minimize swine-to-human IAV transmission

Substitutions near the hemagglutinin receptor-binding site determine the antigenic evolution of influenza A H3N2 viruses in U.S. swine

Swine influenza A virus is an endemic and economically important pathogen in pigs, with the potential to infect other host species. The hemagglutinin (HA) protein is the primary target of protective immune responses and the major component in swine influenza A vaccines. However, as a result of antigenic drift, vaccine strains must be regularly updated to reflect currently circulating strains. Characterizing the cross-reactivity between strains in pigs and seasonal influenza virus strains in humans is also important in assessing the relative risk of interspecies transmission of viruses from one host population to the other. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay data for swine and human H3N2 viruses were used with antigenic cartography to quantify the antigenic differences among H3N2 viruses isolated from pigs in the United States from 1998 to 2013 and the relative cross-reactivity between these viruses and current human seasonal influenza A virus strains. Two primary antigenic clusters were found circulating in the pig population, but with enough diversity within and between the clusters to suggest updates in vaccine strains are needed. We identified single amino acid substitutions that are likely responsible for antigenic differences between the two primary antigenic clusters and between each antigenic cluster and outliers. The antigenic distance between current seasonal influenza virus H3 strains in humans and those endemic in swine suggests that population immunity may not prevent the introduction of human viruses into pigs, and possibly vice versa, reinforcing the need to monitor and prepare for potential incursions

Spartan Daily, October 29, 1947

Volume 36, Issue 20https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartandaily/9039/thumbnail.jp

Spartan Daily, October 29, 1947

Volume 36, Issue 20https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartandaily/9039/thumbnail.jp