Comparing Open-Ended Choice Experiments and Experimental Auctions: An Application to Golden Rice

We use two different experimental valuation methods to estimate consumer demand for genetically-modified golden rice. The first is an open-ended choice experiment (OECE) where participants name the quantities of golden rice and conventional rice demanded at each of several price combinations, one of which will be randomly chosen as binding. This allows us to estimate market demand by aggregating demand across participants. This estimate of market demand also allows us to estimate own-price elasticity and consumer surplus for golden rice. Comparing willingness-to-pay (WTP) estimates from the OECE with those from a uniform-price auction, we find that OECE WTP estimates exhibit less affiliation across rounds, and the effects of positive and negative information under the OECE are more consistent with prior expectations and existing studies. We also find that while auction WTP estimates more than double across five rounds, OECE WTP estimates are stable across rounds and are always roughly equal to those from the final auction round.choice experiments, experimental auctions, golden rice, valuation

Preferensi Dan Kecepatan Makan Dari Keong Mas Terhadap Tanaman Padi

: The research was intended to evaluate preference and rate of eat away the rice plants (various cultivars and ages) of the golden snail (various live spans). The golden snails were collected in rice lands of Tanjung Area, North Lombok. Its were reared and acclimated in Biology Laboratory. The bioassay was carried out by block randomized design in accordance with ex situ in The Biology Garden, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Mataram. Investigations of preference and rate of eat away rice plants with various cultivars: Cibogo, Cigeulis, and Ciherang and ages: 20, 30, and 60 days by the golden snails with various live spans: 1, 3, and 6 months carried out by block randomized design in accordance with ex situ. Data pointed to describe life spans of voracious golden snails and cultivars and ages of susceptible rice plants. The result saw that, preferences were not dependent on variation of paddy cultivars. The six months old - golden snails had rate of eat away rice plants two fold than the three months old - golden snail, and four fold than the a month old - golden snail. The rice plants 10 and 20 days old were given preference by golden snail eight and seven fold the rice plants 60 days old

The Gold Standard: A Qualitative Framing Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of Golden Rice in the United States and Philippines

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a major issue in developing countries and affects approximately 250 million children, and blinding 500,000 a year. A proposed intervention to VAD is Golden Rice, a rice that has been genetically modified (GM) to contain beta-carotene, the precursor to Vitamin A. However, Golden Rice is often associated with negatively perceived GM food. Because the media is the most trusted source in providing food-risk related information, a framing analysis of Golden Rice in United States and Philippine newspapers was conducted to determine past and current frames used to describe the rice. Understanding such frames could help domestic and international extension workers develop effective communication strategies and educational opportunities. In the United States, GM food was typically the main topic, and Golden Rice was used as a supporting argument. Science and humanitarian frames were used to describe the rice in the U.S. articles. Golden Rice was more often the main topic in the Philippine articles, and more frames were identified: human health, science, policy, risk, and conflict. Golden Rice appears to be in the emergence phase of the framing cycle in the U.S. and in the conflict/resolution phase in the Philippines. Extension in the U.S. and the Philippines should provide education toolkits to journalists about Golden Rice and consider providing press releases to shape the frames used by the media. Extension workers in the Philippines should educate consumers and farmers about the science of Golden Rice to help them create informed opinions toward the produc

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Introduced Golden Rice F8 Lines to Blast and Bacterial Leaf Blight Diseases

Golden rice merupakan padi yang di dalam endosperma bijinya memiliki kandungan β-karoten atau provitamin A. Beberapa upaya telah dilakukan untuk meningkatkan ketahanannya terhadap penyakit blas dan hawar daun bakteri (HDB). Hasil pemuliaan Golden rice telah mendapatkan turunan ke 8 (F8) yang bersifat stabil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi agromorfologi dan genotipe galur padi introduksi Golden rice F8 PAC Nagdong/IR36/IR64. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Agroteknologi, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Jember. Benih yang digunakan yaitu tiga galur padi intorduksi Golden rice F8 PAC Nagdong/IR36/IR64 dengan kode 302/IR-2-2(6)/1, 302/IR-2-2(7)/2, 302/IR-2-2(8)/1 serta varietas IR36 dan IR64 sebagai tanaman kontrol. Analisis genotipe meliputi gen Pik-s, Pi54, Pi-ta, Xa4 dan Xa7. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakter agromorfologi pada seluruh galur Golden rice untuk karakter tinggi tanaman, jumlah anakan dan jumlah anakan produktif tidak berbeda nyata. Tinggi tanaman Golden rice termasuk dalam kategori semidwarf, jumlah anakan >24.6 dengan anakan produktif mencapai lebih dari 85%, panjang malai antara 20.09-20.85 cm, dan bobot per rumpun mencapai 42.94 g serta seluruh galur Golden rice memiliki gen pengkode sifat tahan terhadap penyakit blas dan HDB. Kata kunci: β-karoten, galur, HDB, introduksi, markaGolden rice contains β-carotene or provitamin A in the seed endosperm. Various attempts have been made to improve the resistance of Golden rice against leaf blast and bacterial blight diseases. Breeding and selection have been done and obtained several stable F8 breeding lines. This study aimed to elucidate the agromorphological characteristics and genotype of Golden rice F8 lines of PAC Nagdong/IR36/IR64. The experiment were using F8 lines of Golden rice PAC Nagdong/IR36/IR64 with the code of 302/IR-2-2(6)/1, 302/IR-2-2(7)/2, 302/IR-2-2(8)/1, along with IR36 and IR64 varieties as the controls. Genotype analysis was performed to confirm the introgression of genes Pik-s, Pi54, Pi-ta, Xa4, and Xa7. This study showed that the Golden rice lines had relatively similar height as semidwarf, tiller numbers per plant > 24.6 with productive tillers of more than 85%, panicle lengths between 20.09-20.85 cm, and grain yield of 42.94 g per plant. All Golden rice lines have the targeted resistance genes to blast and bacterial leaf blight. Keywords: β-carotene, introduction, marker, progen

Golden Rice: Effectiveness and Safety, A Literature Review

This literature review begins by introducing GMOs, then moving on to golden rice and its background and development, including The Golden Rice Project. The literature review portion discusses the effectiveness and health and safety issues surrounding golden rice. Methodology for this paper includes agriculture and food science databases in addition to keyword searches

Genetically Modified Rice Adoption: Implications for Welfare and Poverty Alleviation

The first generation of genetically modified (GM) crop varieties sought to increase farmer profitability through cost reductions or higher yields. The next generation of GM food research is focusing also on breeding for attributes of interest to consumers, beginning with ‘golden rice’, which has been genetically engineered to contain a higher level of vitamin A and thereby boost the health of poor people in developing countries. This paper analyses empirically the potential economic effects of adopting both types of innovation in Asia, including its impact on rice producers and other poor households. It does so using the global economy-wide computable general equilibrium model known as GTAP. The results suggest the very considerable farm productivity gains (even if extended beyond GM rice to include those from adopting other GM grains and oilseeds) could be exceeded by the welfare gains resulting from the potential health-enhancing attributes of golden rice, which would boost the productivity of unskilled workers among Asia’s poor.GMOs, golden rice, consumer preferences, nutritional attributes.

Golden Rice: A Case Study in Intellectual Property Management and International Capacity Building

In order for agricultural biotechnology (agri-biotech) to play a larger role in the development of sustainable agricultural systems, intellectual property (IP) rights management must be addressed. These issues are not limited to developing countries. With increased globalization, the management of agri-biotech IP rights affects both developing and industrialized countries. In industrialized countries, for example, IP rights risk management entails protection of inventions via strong patent portfolios. For developing countries, IP rights risk management includes the acquisition of rights requisite for the use of inventions essential to the basic welfare of the population. Strategies are needed to bridge these disparate IP management paradigms to facilitate the successful transfer of the agri-biotech from an industrialized country source to a developing country recipient. This paper examines IP management linked to agri-biotech products. Further, this paper examines Golden Rice, a genetically engineered rice strain that accumulates beta-carotene (i.e., pro-vitamin A) in the endosperm tissue of grain, as a case study for IP management, with emphasis on the international movement of agri-biotech from industrialized to developing countries. Topics discussed include: the application of agri-biotech to international development; the challenge of transferring this technology from industrialized to developing countries; a method for evaluating the IP constraints impinging on the deployment of Golden Rice; industrialized/developing country perspectives vis-a-vis IP rights management; six shorter-term options for the management of IP connected to Golden Rice; and a longer-term proposed path to sustainable transfers of agri-biotech products

Golden rice and agricultural biotechnology: a comparison between the perspectives of Bohol farmers and Philippine print media frames

To determine whether media frames are the same as audience frames, this study interviewed farmers from Bohol, the first province to officially ban GMOs, about golden rice and investigated how Philippine print media framed GMOs, particularly golden rice, for five years of coverage. The study analyzed farmers\u27 attitudes and the tone of coverage of golden rice and other GMO issues. This study found out that Philippine newspapers\u27 coverage was very minimal (187 articles) and predominantly framed articles around regulatory concerns. Both regional newspapers were negative but national newspapers were split. Government, non-government organizations and business/industry were the top three sources mentioned in the articles. Although farmers had substantial access to both mass media and interpersonal sources, they considered interpersonal sources as their best source. Despite their use of sources, they knew very little about golden rice and other GMOs. However, farmers\u27 attitudes toward golden rice tended to be neutral to positive. None of them had strong negative attitudes toward the transgenic rice. They were willing to plant if and when golden rice seeds become available to them. Farmers\u27 neutral to positive attitudes toward golden rice did not come from their exposure to newspapers because they denied reading any GMO-related articles in any newspapers including the positively toned Manila Bulletin. These results suggest caution in drawing generalizations about farmers\u27 attitudes toward GMOs based on information published in urban areas or official pronouncements. In the case of Bohol, an official ban did not represent the view of the farmers surveyed

Anti-mollusk Selectivity of Jayanti Plant (Sesbania sesban L., Merr) for the Control of Golden Snails, a Pest of Paddy

Pest control is an essential aspect of rice cultivation. The golden snail (Pomacea speciosa) is one of the pests in rice fields. Damage to rice plants due to golden snail attacks has occurred in several provinces in Indonesia and several countries such as the Philippines, Thailand, Japan, and Malaysia. Various steps to control golden snails have been carried out, both mechanically, biologically, and chemically. However, each biological and mechanical control of golden snails is impractical to apply to very large rice fields. Meanwhile, the control of golden snails using synthetic molluscicides such as Brestan and Dimotrin is minimal because it can pollute the environment and cause the death of fish and the rice plant itself. To suppress the emergence of environmental pollution problems in overcoming this golden snail, natural molluscicides from plant materials are studied. Several plant species have been known to have anti-mollusk properties, one of which potentially is the Jayanti plant {Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.}. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-mollusk performance of S. sesban for controlling golden snails, a pest of rice plants. The dry powder of S. sesban leaves was extracted in stages with a series of solvents of petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethanol to obtain an extract fraction that was selected as a mollucicide. Each extract fraction produced was tested for its toxicity to the gold snail, carp, rice germination, and rice plant growth. Data on the mortality of golden snail and carp fish, the percentage of germination inhibition, and rice growth were processed by probit analysis, respectively. The outputs of the analysis were LC50 of each extract fraction for golden snails and carp. The ratio of LC50 for golden snail with LC50 for carp indicated each extract fraction's physiological selectivity of anti-mollusk properties. The results showed that the highest lethal toxicity to gold snails was indicated by the extract fraction-ethanol, while to carp, it was indicated by the extract fraction-chloroform. Each extract fraction of S. sesban leaves did not inhibit the germination and growth of rice plants. The extract fraction- ethanol had the highest anti-mollusk selectivity compared to the other two fractions. Bioactive examination showed triterpene saponins from the extract of S. sesban leaves, with the highest relative levels in the ethanol fraction compared to the other two extract fractions

Genetically modified rice adoption : implications for welfare and poverty alleviation

The first generation of genetically modified (GM) crop varieties sought to increase producer profitability through cost reductions or higher yields, while the next generation of GM food research is focusing on breeding for attributes of interest to consumers. Golden Rice, for example, has been genetically engineered to contain a higher level of vitamin A and thereby boost the health of poor people in developing countries. This paper analyzes the potential economic effects of adopting both types of innovation in Asia, including its impact on rice producers and consumers. It does so using the global economy-wide computable general equilibrium model known as GTAP. The results suggest the farm productivity gains could be dwarfed by the welfare gains resulting from the potential health-enhancing attributes of golden rice, which would boost the productivity of unskilled workers among Asia's poor.Agricultural Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Labor Policies,Crops&Crop Management Systems,Economic Theory&Research,Crops&Crop Management Systems,Environmental Economics&Policies,Agricultural Research,Economic Theory&Research,Drylands&Desertification