Field Oriented Sliding Mode Control of Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet AC Motors: Theory and Applications to Electrified Vehicles

Permanent magnet ac motors have been extensively utilized for adjustable-speed traction motor drives, due to their inherent advantages including higher power density, superior efficiency and reliability, more precise and rapid torque control, larger power factor, longer bearing, and insulation life-time. Without any proportional-and-integral (PI) controllers, this paper introduces novel first- and higher-order field-oriented sliding mode control schemes. Compared with the traditional PI-based vector control techniques, it is shown that the proposed field oriented sliding mode control methods improve the dynamic torque and speed response, and enhance the robustness to parameter variations, modeling uncertainties, and external load perturbations. While both first- and higher-order controllers display excellent performance, computer simulations show that the higher-order field-oriented sliding mode scheme offers better performance by reducing the chattering phenomenon, which is presented in the first-order scheme. The higher-order field-oriented sliding mode controller, based on the hierarchical use of supertwisting algorithm, is then implemented with a Texas Instruments TMS320F28335 DSP hardware platform to prototype the surface-mounted permanent magnet ac motor drive. Last, computer simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed field-oriented sliding mode control approach is able to effectively meet the speed and torque requirements of a heavy-duty electrified vehicle during the EPA urban driving schedule

Fuzzy Logic Maximum Structure and State Feedback Control Strategies of the Electrical Car

AbstractThis paper treats the design and control of different models and control strategies for an Electric Vehicle (EV). An hybrid controller is designed using a fuzzy logic integrated in Maximum Control Structure (FL-MCS), the FL nonlinear controller involves online estimation of the total reference force which corresponds to a torque reference to be applied to MCS. The second proposed regulator is a states feedback controller using the Linear Quadratic Regulation (LQR) to optimise and to determine the feedback control parameters. The LQR allows reducing the consumption of the energy according to the desired EV's dynamic performances, these lasts can be changed depending on the choice of Q and R matrices. In this work, we apply and validate the proposed control strategies by a comparison between our simulation results and the results of the classical MCS, which has been developed by L2EP (Lille, France) to control the EV speed under Matlab/Simulink

A survey on fractional order control techniques for unmanned aerial and ground vehicles

In recent years, numerous applications of science and engineering for modeling and control of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) systems based on fractional calculus have been realized. The extra fractional order derivative terms allow to optimizing the performance of the systems. The review presented in this paper focuses on the control problems of the UAVs and UGVs that have been addressed by the fractional order techniques over the last decade

Model-based powertrain design and control system development for the ideal all-wheel drive electric vehicle

The transfer case based all-wheel drive electric vehicle (TCAWDEV) and dual-axle AWDEV have been investigated to balance concerns about energy consumption, drivability and stability of vehicles. However, the mentioned powertrain architectures have the torque windup issue or the wheel skidding issue. The torque windup is an inherent issue of mechanical linked all-wheel drive systems. The hydraulic motor-based or the electric motor-based ideal all-wheel drive powertrain can provide feasible solutions to the mentioned issues. An ideal AWDEV (IAWDEV) powertrain architecture and its control schemes were proposed by this research; the architecture has four independent driving motors in powertrain. The IAWDEV gives more control freedoms to implement active torque controls and traction mode controls. In essence, this research came up with the distributed powertrain concept, and developed control schemes of the distributed powertrain to replace the transfer case and differential devices. The study investigated the dual-loop motor control, the hybrid sliding mode control (HSMC) and the neural network predictive control to reduce energy consumption and achieve better drivability and stability by optimizing the torque allocation of each dependent wheel. The mentioned control schemes were respectively developed for the anti-slip, differential and yaw stability functionalities of the IAWDEV powertrain. This study also investigated the sizing method that the battery capacity was estimated by using cruise performance at 3% road grade. In addition, the model-based verification was employed to evaluate the proposed powertrain design and control schemes. The verification shows that the design and controls can fulfill drivability requirements and minimize the existing issues, including torque windup and chattering of the slipping wheel. In addition, the verification shows that the IAWDEV can harvest around two times more energy while the vehicle is running on slippery roads than the TCAWDEV and the dual-axle AWDEV; the traction control can achieve better drivability and lower energy consumption than mentioned powertrains; the mode control can reduce 3% of battery charge depleting during the highway driving test. It also provides compelling evidences that the functionalities achieved by complicated and costly mechanical devices can be carried out by control schemes of the IAWDEV; the active torque controls can solve the inherent issues of mechanical linked powertrains; the sizing method is credible to estimate the operation envelop of powertrain components, even though there is some controllable over-sizing

Performance Analysis Stability Of Speed Control Of BLDC Motor Using PID-BAT Algorithm In Electric Vehicle

The research on the development of electric vehicles includes such as power electronics, energy storage capability that the higher the battery, reducing fuel emissions, and the motor efficiency.  The electric motor efficiency requires the automatic control on the main parameters such as speed, position, and acceleration.  The performance setting of speed Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor can be improved by using the controller Proportional Integral Derivative (PID), a combination of PID using nature inspired optimization algorithms such as Bat Algorithm (BA). BA is one of the optimization algorithm that mimics the behavior of bats on the move using a vibration or sound pulses emitted a very loud (echolocation) and listen to the echoes that bounce back from the object to determine the circumstances surrounding vicinity   In this paper, simulate of Bat Algorithm to find the best value PID controller parameter to speed control BLDC motor  and analyze performance such as the value of overshoot, steady state. The result  simulation shows that values for the PID parameters without using algorithm bat is Kp = 208.1177, Ki = 1767, and Kd = -8.6025. While using the algorithm bat got value Kp = 5.4303e+04, Ki = -1.3059e+06, and Kd = 3.0193e+04. The performance of the motor obtained through value rise time of  0. 282,  settling time of 1.5, overshoot  value  of 20.5%  and the peak value of  1.21.

Life buoy

A lifebuoy such as figure 1, or we can call as ring buoy, lifering, lifesaver, life donut, life preserver or lifebelt, also known as a "perry buoy", or "kisby ring". The "kisby ring", or sometimes will be call "Kisbie ring", is thought to be named after Thomas Kisbee (1792–1877) who was a British naval officer. Lifebuoy is a lifesaving buoy designed to save someone in the water. It also can provide buoyancy and prevent drowning. To improve aid rescue at night, mostly lifebuoys are fitted with one or more seawater-activated lights

Enhanced Sliding Mode Wheel Slip Controller for Heavy Goods Vehicles

This paper introduces an improved version of a sliding mode slip controller for pneumatic brake system ofheavy goods vehicles, HGVs. Using the Fast Actuating Brake Valve, FABV, allows to adopt advance control approaches forwheel-slip controllers which provide features such as fast dynamic response, stability and robustness. In this paper, the slidingmode algorithm which was developed for the speed dependent wheel slip control using the FABV hardware is analysed andimproved. The asymptotic convergence properties of the control algorithm are proven using Lyapunov stability theory and therobustness of the method is investigate

Mechatronics of systems with undetermined configurations

This work is submitted for the award of a PhD by published works. It deals with some of the efforts of the author over the last ten years in the field of Mechatronics. Mechatronics is a new area invented by the Japanese in the late 1970's, it consists of a synthesis of computers and electronics to improve mechanical systems. To control any mechanical event three fundamental features must be brought together: the sensors used to observe the process, the control software, including the control algorithm used and thirdly the actuator that provides the stimulus to achieve the end result. Simulation, which plays such an important part in the Mechatronics process, is used in both in continuous and discrete forms. The author has spent some considerable time developing skills in all these areas. The author was certainly the first at Middlesex to appreciate the new developments in Mechatronics and their significance for manufacturing. The author was one of the first mechanical engineers to recognise the significance of the new transputer chip. This was applied to the LQG optimal control of a cinefilm copying process. A 300% improvement in operating speed was achieved, together with tension control. To make more efficient use of robots they have to be made both faster and cheaper. The author found extremely low natural frequencies of vibration, ranging from 3 to 25 Hz. This limits the speed of response of existing robots. The vibration data was some of the earliest available in this field, certainly in the UK. Several schemes have been devised to control the flexible robot and maintain the required precision. Actuator technology is one area where mechatronic systems have been the subject of intense development. At Middlesex we have improved on the Aexator pneumatic muscle actuator, enabling it to be used with a precision of about 2 mm. New control challenges have been undertaken now in the field of machine tool chatter and the prevention of slip. A variety of novel and traditional control algorithms have been investigated in order to find out the best approach to solve this problem