Bramble Fruit Culture

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Questions and Answers on Fruit Culture

Is fruit culture profitable in South Dakota? Hardy varieties of apples, crabapples, pears, plums, cherries, apricots, grapes, raspberries, gooseberries and currants can be grown successfully. Apples, crabapples and plums are grown commercially in the southern part of the state, in the Black Hills and in the northeastern part. But of far more importance is the growing of fruit at home. The value of fruits in the diet has been established and if some fruit is raised at home much more will be consumed than when all had to be purchased. And more fruit means better health. There is an old Chinese saying: If you want to be happy in life, become a gardener.\u27\u27 A recent recommended fruit list is given in South Dakota Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 309

Small Fruit Culture for South Dakota

It can no longer be said that small fruits are not successful in South Dakota. Everywhere in the state people are having remarkable success with the small fruits providing they confine their efforts only to the hardy varieties. It is true that there are some of the small fruits that cannot be recommended for use here, because of their lack of hardiness, but there are plenty of hardy ones from which to choose. In the near future there are almost certain to be more hardy varieties developed by our plant breeders

Fruit Culture

From numerous letters received during the year by the writer, and from trips to many parts of the state, it appears that that interest in fruit culture is greatly increasing. This is encouraging in view of the fact that a large majority of farmers in this state look upon fruit culture as a very unprofitable and uncertain, if not impossible, undertaking. But from a careful study of the evidence the writer must insist upon the fact that South Dakota can easily raise, for home use and some to sell, an abundance of apples, plums and most small fruits. Enough is already definitely known to warrant making out a list of varieties safe for extended planting in most parts of the state suited to general farming, and also in those sections where irrigation is practiced. This list, although small at present, will probably be greatly extended in the near future. The large fruit crop the past year, 1896, has greatly encouraged fruit growers and many are doubtless planning to extend their plantations the coming spring. The great danger is that varieties of doubtful hardiness will be planted and that too little attention will be paid to the experience of South Dakota planters and of those in the states nearest us on the east. It will be wise for South Dakota to profit by the experience of Minnesota and northern Iowa planters and not start in where they began thirty years ago. And yet that is what some planters in this state are doing at the present time, especially those who have come from eastern or southern states more favorable to fruit culture. In order to save needless losses in this line it has been thought best to make this bulletin something of a guide for planters, giving brief hints on best methods and varieties, and to include a few letters from leading fruit growers of the state. It is the intention to continue this work and make a full horticultural survey of the state

Identification and quantification of point sources of surface water contamination in fruit culture in the Netherlands

Measurements of pesticide concentrations in surface water by the water boards show that they have decreased less than was expected from model calculations. Possibly, the implementation of spray drift reducing techniques is overestimated in the model calculation. The impact of point sources is probably underestimated. A project was initiated for the quantification and qualification of possible point sources in Dutch fruit culture. From a survey it was concluded that the majority of fruit growers do not posses the mandatory equipment regarding filling and cleaning of sprayers. This creates a potential environmental risk for surface water contamination. Further research is focused on: internal and external cleaning of sprayers, environmental impact of the washings, discharge of transport water from fruit sorting installations, and bioremediation systems for processing contaminated water

Tree Fruits for Alaska

This circular has been prepared with three major objectives in mind. 1) to define areas in which tree fruit culture is possible in Alaska and the types of fruit that can be grown in each, 2) to name and describe the varieties that at the present time seem more desirable for planting in Alaska, and 3) to point out the m?-in problems limiting tree fruit culture and suggest, rather than discuss, the probable means by which they may one day be solved. Fulfilling the first two of these objectives was a relatively simple matter, since it was only a matter of defining and description. But the third objective was not-and is not-so easy of attainment. In what may be an oversimplification, it has been stated that there are two main problems, winter hardiness and earliness of maturity, and methods have been indicated by which, it is believed, each may be overcome. However the very problems themselves are not as simple as they have been made to appear. That of winter hardiness is one of the most widely debated and investigated subject in plant science. And the characterization of the second as "earliness of maturity" makes it sound too simple, for actually the factor involved, as it applies to fruit growing in Alaska is aiding or hastening natural earliness of maturity. This is a far more complex matter. In describing the solutions of these problems, mention has been made of such factors as pruning and training, fertilization, furnishing protection to increase available heat, and limiting the water supply to the trees during the period of fruit maturation. Each of these subjects has also been the subject of numerous investigations and some of them have been the subject of textbooks. The discussion of them here has been limited to simple statements as to their merit in achieving specific objectives. Most of the statements made are based on research in Alaska. In one particular, however, they have knowingly been extended beyond the domain of research-supported conclusion. This is in advocating the withholding Qr decreasing water available to the trees during the maturation of the fruit. Some will disagree with this recommendation, for it runs counter to what is considered good orchard management in commercial fruit producing regions of the world. In these an ample water supply is advocated for this period to increase fruit size and heighten, though not to increase, coloration. In Alaska both considerations should be waived in favor of obtaining reasonable yields of fruit, suitable for culinary purposes.In all three regions of Alaska where tree fruit production is at all possible, lack of winter hardiness in the trees and failure of fruit to mature properly are the two chief limiting factors

Comparison between visitation of honey bees (Apis mellifera) on male and hermaphrodite flowers of yellow melon (Cucumis melo) using different number of hives: 2. one and both floral types analysis

Yellow melon (Cucumis melo) is an important fruit for production and exportation in Brazilian fruit culture. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) play an essential role on this being responsible for pollination and, consequently, improving production and better quality fruits. The objective of this work was to compare the bees? visitation on male and hermaphrodite flowers in a crop area using different number of hives

Fruit culture growth in Northeast Brazil and its relationship with work

Fruit growing in Brazil enhances regional development, as it generates income and absorbs local labor. The Brazilian Northeast presents ideal edaphoclimatic conditions for the development of several fruit trees, mainly in irrigated areas. The objective was to analyze the educational level and the relationship between the wages of men and women employed in the fruit sector in the Northeast region of Brazil. Thus, constituting historical series obtained from SIDRA-IBGE. The selected crops were coconut, mango and grape between the years 2001 to 2018; literacy rate and level of education in Brazil and the northeast region, the relationship between male and female genders, percentage of women in formal jobs in the years 2004 to 2015 and average monthly income in Brazil and the Northeast region and male and female genders in the years 2012 to 2015. There was a reduction in the area cultivated with coconut, however, in mango and grape cultures there was no increase in the area. Regarding the harvested area, the coconut-da-baia crop has a larger cultivated area, however, this area has been gradually reduced. In mango and grape crops, no variations were detected in the harvested areas. As for the average production, the grape crop has higher productivity. In the percentage of formal jobs, literacy and level of schooling of women both at national and regional level, there was a linear growth and higher than that of men, however there was a discrepancy in salary between genders even though women had a higher level of schooling.Fruit growing in Brazil enhances regional development, as it generates income and absorbs local labor. The Brazilian Northeast presents ideal edaphoclimatic conditions for the development of several fruit trees, mainly in irrigated areas. The objective was to analyze the educational level and the relationship between the wages of men and women employed in the fruit sector, in the Northeast region of Brazil. The selected crops were those of coconut, mango and grape, between the years 2001 to 2018; literacy rate and level of education in Brazil and the northeast region, the relationship between male and female genders, percentage of women in formal jobs in the years 2004 to 2015 and average monthly income in Brazil and the Northeast region and male and female genders in the years 2012 to 2015. There was a reduction in the area cultivated with coconut, however there was no increase in the area for mango and grape crops. Regarding the harvested area, the coconut crop showed a larger cultivated area, however, this area has been gradually reduced. In mango and grape crops, no variations were detected in the harvested areas. As for the average production, the grape crop has higher productivity. In the percentage of formal jobs, literacy and level of education of women, both nationally and regionally, there was a linear growth and higher than those of men. It is concluded that between men and women in the Northeast region, the salary difference was R$ 354.00, even with women with a higher educational level