Four Equivalent Equivalences of Reductions

Two co-initial reductions in a term rewriting system are said to be equivalent if they perform the same steps, albeit maybe in a di#erent order. We present four characterisations of such a notion of equivalence, based on permutation, standardisation, labelling and projection, respectively. We prove that the characterisations all yield the same notion of equivalence, for the class of first-order left-linear term rewriting systems. A crucial role in our development is played by the notion of a proof term.