Models and heuristics for forest management with environmental restrictions

Tese de doutoramento, Estatística e Investigação Operacional (Otimização), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2018The main focus of this thesis was to develop mathematical models and methods in integer programming for solving harvest scheduling problems with environmental restrictions. Constraints on maximum clearcut area, minimum total habitat area, minimum total core area and inter-habitat connectivity were addressed for this purpose. The research was structured in a collection of three papers, each one describing the study of a different forest harvest scheduling problem with respect to the environmental constraints. Problems of papers 1 and 2 aim at maximizing the net present value. A bi objective problem is considered in paper 3. The objectives are the maximization of the net present value and the maximization of the inter-habitat connectivity. The tree search methods branch-and-bound and multiobjective Monte Carlo tree search were designed specifically to solve the problems. The methods could be used as heuristics, as a time limit of 2 hours was imposed. All harvest scheduling problems were based on the socalled cluster formulation. The proposed models and methods were tested with sixteen real and hypothetical instances ranging from small to large. The results obtained for branch-and-bound and Monte Carlo tree search show that these methods were able to find solutions for all instances. The results suggest that it is possible to address the environmental restrictions with small reductions of the net present value. With respect to the forestry fragmentation caused by harvestings, the results suggest that, although clearcut size constraints tend to disperse clearcuts across the forest, compromising the development of large habitats, close to each other, the proposed models, with the other environmental constraints, attempt to mitigate this effect

Spatial stochastic programming model for timber and core area management under risk of stand-replacing fire, A

2012 Fall.Includes bibliographical references.Forest harvest scheduling has been modeled using deterministic and stochastic programming models. Past models seldom address explicit spatial forest management concerns under the influence of natural disturbances. In this research study, we employ multistage full recourse stochastic programming models to explore the challenges and advantages of building spatial optimization models that account for the influences of random stand-replacing fires. Our exploratory test models simultaneously consider timber harvest and mature forest core area objectives. Each model run reports first-period harvesting decisions for each stand based on a sample set of random fire. We integrate multiple model runs to evaluate the persistence of period-one solutions under the influence of stochastic fires. Follow-up simulations were used to support multiple comparisons of different candidate forest management alternatives for the first time period. Test case results indicate that integrating the occurrence of stand-replacing fire into forest harvest scheduling models could improve the quality of long-term spatially explicit forest plans

New decision support tools for forest tactical and operational planning

Doutoramento em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Florestais - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaThe economic importance of the forest resources and the Portuguese forest-based industries motivated several studies over the last 15 years, particularly on strategic forest planning. This thesis focuses on the forest planning processes at tactical and operational level (FTOP). These problems relate to harvesting, transportation, storing, and delivering the forest products to the mills. Innovative Operation Research methods and Decision Support Systems (DSS) were developed to address some of these problems that are prevalent in Portugal. Specifically, Study I integrates harvest scheduling, pulpwood assortment, and assignment decisions at tactical level. The solution method was based in problem decomposition, combining heuristics and mathematical programming algorithms. Study II presents a solution approach based on Revenue Management principles for the reception of Raw Materials. This operational problem avoids truck congestion during the operation of pulpwood delivery. Study III uses Enterprise Architecture to design a DSS for integrating the operations performed over the pulpwood supply chain. Study IV tests this approach on a toolbox that handled the complexity of the interactions among the agents engaged on forest planning at regional level. Study V proposes an innovative technological framework that combines forest planning with forest operations' control

Simultaneous optimization of even flow and land and timber value in forest planning: a continuous approach

Background: Forest management planning involves deciding which silvicultural treatment should be applied to each stand and at what time to best meet the objectives established for the forest. For this, many mathematical formulations have been proposed, both within the linear and non-linear programming frameworks, in the latter case generally considering integer variables in a combinatorial manner. We present a novel approach for planning the management of forests comprising single-species, even-aged stands, using a continuous, multi-objective formulation (considering economic and even flow) which can be solved with gradient-type methods. Results: The continuous formulation has proved robust in forest with different structures and different number of stands. The results obtained show a clear advantage of the gradient-type methods over heuristics to solve the problems, both in terms of computational time (efficiency) and in the solution obtained (effectiveness). Their improvement increases drastically with the dimension of the problem (number of stands). Conclusions: It is advisable to rigorously analyze the mathematical properties of the objective functions involved in forest management planning models. The continuous bi-objective model proposed in this paper works with smooth enough functions and can be efficiently solved by using gradient-type techniques. The advantages of the new methodology are summarized as: it does not require to set management prescriptions in advance, it avoids the division of the planning horizon into periods, and it provides better solutions than the traditional combinatorial formulations. Additionally, the graphical display of trade-off information allows an a posteriori articulation of preferences in an intuitive way, therefore being a very interesting tool for the decision-making process in forest planningS

Controlling spatial forest structure with spatial simulation in forest management planning: a case study from Turkey

Decision Support Systems (DSS) is widely used to develop spatially explicit forest management plans through the integration of spatial parameters. As a part of this study, a simulation-based spatial DSS, the ETÇAPSimülasyon program was developed and tested in a case study area. The system has the capability to control the spatial structure of forests based on a geodatabase. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) was used to generate the database, using spatial parameters including opening size, block size and green-up delay in addition to other attribute data such as the empirical yield table and the product assortment table. Based on the simulation technique, a spatial forest management model was developed to link strategic planning with tactical planning on a stand base and to present results with a number of performance indicators. One important component of the model determined all spatial characteristics with spatial parameters and patch descriptions. A stand growth and yield simulation model (BARSM) based on the relationship between current and optimal basal area development was also generated to project future stand characteristics and analyze the effects of various silvicultural treatments. A number of spatial forest management strategies were developed to generate spatially implementable harvest schedules and perform spatial analyses. The forest management concept was enhanced by employing a spatial simulation technique to help analyzing the ecosystem structure. Spatial characteristics for an on-the-ground forest management plan were then developed. The model was tested in Altınoluk Planning Unit (APU) using a spatial simulation technique based on various spatial parameters. The results indicated that the spatial model was able to satisfy the spatial restriction requirements of the forest management plan

Landscape Management Policy Simulator (LAMPS) : version 1.1 : user guide

The LAndscape Management Policy Simulator (LAMPS) model, version 1.1, is a spatial simulation model developed to provide forest landscape planning simulations for the Coastal Landscape Analysis and Modeling Study (CLAMS). It is designed to help policymakers, managers, and planners think through alternative management scenarios and their potential effects on the ecological and economic resources of Oregon's Coast Range forests. LAMPS simulates changes to landscape structure over time, incorporating the management intentions of the four major landowner groups and vegetation dynamics. Socioeconomic and ecological information is used to track and allocate activities across the landscape. LAMPS projects, with relatively high resolution, forest conditions across broad areas, all ownership groups, and a planning horizon of 100 yr. This user guide provides instructions on how to use LAMPS for forest landscape simulations of alternative forest policies for the Coast Range of Oregon

Multi-objective models for the forest harvest scheduling problem in a continuous-time framework

In this study we present several multi-objective models for forest harvest scheduling in forest with single-species, even-aged stands using a continuous formulation. We seek to maximize economic profitability and even-flow of timber harvest volume, both for the first rotation and for the regulated forest. For that, we design new metrics that allow working with continuous decision variables, namely, the harvest time of each stand. Unlike traditional combinatorial formulations, this avoids dividing the planning horizon into periods and simulating alternative management prescriptions before the optimization process. We propose to combine a scalarization technique (weighting method) with a gradient-type algorithm (L-BFGS-B) to obtain the Pareto frontier of the problem, which graphically shows the relationships (trade-offs) between objectives, and helps the decision makers to choose a suitable weighting for each objective. We compare this approach with the widely used in forestry multi-objective evolutionary algorithm NSGA-II. We analyze the model in a Eucalyptus globulus Labill. forest of Galicia (NW Spain). The continuous formulation proves robust in forests with different structures and provides better results than the traditional combinatorial approach. For problem solving, our proposal shows a clear advantage over the evolutionary algorithm in terms of computational time (efficiency), being of the order of 65 times faster for both continuous and discrete formulationsS

TIMBER HARVEST ADJACENCY ECONOMIES, HUNTING, SPECIES PROTECTION, AND OLD GROWTH VALUE: SEEKING THE OPTIMUM

Spatial forest management models recognize that nontimber benefits cat1 be influenced by the status of adjacent land. For instance, contiguous old growth provides habitat, aesthetic value, and environmental services. Conversely, edge areas provide forage and cover habitat for game and non-game wildlife. However, adjacency externalities are not limited to nontimber concerns. Larger harvest areas generate average cost savings as fixed harvesting costs are spread across greater acreage, a problem excluded from most literature on optimal harvesting. Hence, it is typical that economies and diseconomies of adjacency in harvesting occur simultaneously. This complicates the determination of optimal ecosystem management behavior, which recognizes timber, aesthetic, wildlife protection, and hunting values. This paper conceptually portrays economies of adjacency in competing objectives using multiple management strategies.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Exploring wood procurement system agility to improve the forest products industry’s competitiveness

Les difficultés vécus par l'industrie canadienne des produits forestiers dans la dernière décennie l’ont amené vers une transformation importante. L'innovation dans les produits et les processus est encore nécessaire afin de maximiser la valeur économique des ressources forestières. Cette thèse se concentre sur le les systèmes d'approvisionnement en bois de l’industrie forestière qui est responsable de la récolte et de la livraison des matières premières de la forêt vers les usines. Les entreprises les plus compétitives sont celles qui peuvent fournir les bons produits aux bons clients au bon moment. L'agilité du système d'approvisionnement en bois devient ainsi une des caractéristiques nécessaires à la compétitivité. Les objectifs de la thèse sont d'identifier les possibilités d'améliorer l'agilité du système d'approvisionnement en bois, de quantifier les gains potentiels et de proposer un mécanisme dans le but d’anticiper son impact à long terme. L’agilité est la capacité des systèmes d'approvisionnement en bois à répondre rapidement et efficacement à des fluctuations inattendues de la demande. Premièrement, nous identifions les capacités requises par le système d'approvisionnement en bois qui permettent l'agilité; ensuite, nous examinons la littérature portant sur les systèmes d'approvisionnement en bois pour trouver des signes de ces capacités. Suite à cette étape, une opportunité d'améliorer l'agilité des systèmes d'approvisionnement a été identifiée. Celle-ci implique une plus grande flexibilité dans le choix des traitements sylvicoles au niveau opérationnel afin de mieux aligner l'offre avec la demande. Une expérimentation a été menée en utilisant des données industrielles pour quantifier les avantages potentiels associés à l'approche. Dans les scénarios avec flexibilité permise, des profits significativement plus élevés et des taux plus élevés de satisfaction de la demande ont été observés. Ensuite, un système de simulation-optimisation de la planification hiérarchique a été développé pour étudier l'influence de la flexibilité au niveau opérationnel sur l'approvisionnement en bois à long terme. Le système a été mis en œuvre en utilisant les données hypothétiques d'une forêt du domaine public québécois pour un horizon de 100 ans. Le système développé a permis de mesurer les impacts à courts et à long terme des décisions d'approvisionnement. Il devrait permettre de mieux intégrer les pratiques d’aménagements forestiers avec les besoins de la chaîne d’approvisionnement.The significant downfall experienced by the Canadian forest products industry in the past decade has catalyzed the industry into a process of transformation. A concerted effort to maximize economic value from forest resources through innovation in both products and processes is currently underway. This thesis focuses on process innovation of wood procurement systems (WPS). WPS includes upstream processes and actors in the forest products supply chain, responsible for procuring and delivering raw materials from forests to manufacturing mills. The competitiveness of the industry depends on the agility of WPS to deliver the right product to the right customer at the right time. The specific aims of the thesis are to identify opportunities to improve wood procurement system agility, quantify the potential improvement in performance and propose a mechanism to anticipate its long-term impact. Agility is the ability to respond promptly and effectively to unexpected short-term fluctuation in demand. We first identify the capabilities a WPS needs to possess in order to enable agility; we then review the literature in the WPS domain to search for evidence of these capabilities. An opportunity to improve agility of WPS was then identified. It entailed providing managers with flexibility in the choice of silvicultural treatments at the operational level to permit better alignment of supply with the prevailing demand. An experiment was conducted using industry data to quantify the potential benefits associated with the approach. In scenarios where flexibility was permitted, significantly higher profits and demand fulfillment rates were observed. Next, a simulation-optimization system for hierarchical forest management planning was developed to examine the influence of operational level silvicultural flexibility on long-term wood supply. The system was implemented to a forest management unit in Québec in a rolling planning horizon basis for a 100 year horizon. The system demonstrated a capability to measure short and long-term impacts of supply decisions. It will prove to be a useful tool to better integrate forest management practices and supply chain needs