346,564 research outputs found
An explanatory model for food-web structure and evolution
Food webs are networks describing who is eating whom in an ecological
community. By now it is clear that many aspects of food-web structure are
reproducible across diverse habitats, yet little is known about the driving
force behind this structure. Evolutionary and population dynamical mechanisms
have been considered. We propose a model for the evolutionary dynamics of
food-web topology and show that it accurately reproduces observed food-web
characteristic in the steady state. It is based on the observation that most
consumers are larger than their resource species and the hypothesis that
speciation and extinction rates decrease with increasing body mass. Results
give strong support to the evolutionary hypothesis.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figure
Bioaccumulation modelling and sensitivity analysis for discovering key players in contaminated food webs: the case study of PCBs in the Adriatic Sea
Modelling bioaccumulation processes at the food web level is the main step to analyse the effects of pollutants at the global
ecosystem level. A crucial question is understanding which species play a key role in the trophic transfer of contaminants to
disclose the contribution of feeding linkages and the importance of trophic dependencies in bioaccumulation dynamics. In this
work we present a computational framework to model the bioaccumulation of organic chemicals in aquatic food webs, and to
discover key species in polluted ecosystems. As a result, we reconstruct the first PCBs bioaccumulation model of the Adriatic food
web, estimated after an extensive review of published concentration data. We define a novel index aimed to identify the key species
in contaminated networks, Sensitivity Centrality, and based on sensitivity analysis. The index is computed from a dynamic ODE
model parametrised from the estimated PCBs bioaccumulation model and compared with a set of established trophic indices of
centrality. Results evidence the occurrence of PCBs biomagnification in the Adriatic food web, and highlight the dependence of
bioaccumulation on trophic dynamics and external factors like fishing activity. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the introduced
Sensitivity Centrality in identifying the set of species with the highest impact on the total contaminant flows and on the efficiency
of contaminant transport within the food web
Persistence of complex food webs in metacommunities
Metacommunity theory is considered a promising approach for explaining
species diversity and food web complexity. Recently Pillai et al. proposed a
simple modeling framework for the dynamics of food webs at the metacommunity
level. Here, we employ this framework to compute general conditions for the
persistence of complex food webs in metacommunities. The persistence conditions
found depend on the connectivity of the resource patches and the structure of
the assembled food web, thus linking the underlying spatial patch-network and
the species interaction network. We find that the persistence of omnivores is
more likely when it is feeding on (a) prey on low trophic levels, and (b) prey
on similar trophic levels
Modelling coevolution in multispecies communities
We introduce the Webworld model, which links together the ecological
modelling of food web structure with the evolutionary modelling of speciation
and extinction events. The model describes dynamics of ecological communities
on an evolutionary timescale. Species are defined as sets of characteristic
features, and these features are used to determine interaction scores between
species. A simple rule is used to transfer resources from the external
environment through the food web to each of the species, and to determine mean
population sizes. A time step in the model represents a speciation event. A new
species is added with features similar to those of one of the existing species
and a new food web structure is then calculated. The new species may (i) add
stably to the web, (ii) become extinct immediately because it is poorly
adapted, or (iii) cause one or more other species to become extinct due to
competition for resources. We measure various properties of the model webs and
compare these with data on real food webs. These properties include the
proportions of basal, intermediate and top species, the number of links per
species and the number of trophic levels. We also study the evolutionary
dynamics of the model ecosystem by following the fluctuations in the total
number of species in the web. Extinction avalanches occur when novel organisms
arise which are significantly better adapted than existing ones. We discuss
these results in relation to the observed extinction events in the fossil
record, and to the theory of self-organized criticality.Comment: 21 pages, 3 Postscript figures, uses psfig.sty Affiliations correcte
Food Webs in Long Island Sound: Review, Synthesis and Potential Applications
Understanding food web structure and dynamics of ecological systems is a key element in the development of more effective environmental assessment and management procedures. Although various components of the Long Island Sound (LIS) ecosystem have been studied in some detail, a framework for food web based research has been lacking. The objectives of this study were to: a) collect and review all pertinent data available in the scientific literature and technical reports on food web components and interactions in different sections of Long Island Sound; b) based on this review, refine initial conceptual food web models and extract pertinent data as available for input into the trophic modeling system Ecopath; c) using the Ecopath models constructed, identify apparent critical food web components and functional groups (particularly those influenced by human activities and management decisions) in LIS, their potential influence on ecosystem dynamics, important linkages along the food web, and the nature of the food web dynamics; and d) make an overall assessment of the gaps in our knowledge and recommendations as to how the work can be built on, and how information from food web analyses such as these and the models themselves, can be used to support management efforts focused on the vital resources of Long Island Sound
Chaos induced coherence in two independent food chains
Coherence evolution of two food web models can be obtained under the stirring
effect of chaotic advection. Each food web model sustains a three--level
trophic system composed of interacting predators, consumers and vegetation.
These populations compete for a common limiting resource in open flows with
chaotic advection dynamics. Here we show that two species (the top--predators)
of different colonies chaotically advected by a jet--like flow can synchronize
their evolution even without migration interaction. The evolution is
charaterized as a phase synchronization. The phase differences (determined
through the Hilbert transform) of the variables representing those species show
a coherent evolution.Comment: 5 pages, 5 eps figures. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.
Predicting food-web structure with metacommunity models
Synthesis Metacommunity theory aims to elucidate the relative influence of local and regional-scale processes in generating diversity patterns across the landscape. Metacommunity research has focused largely on assemblages of competing organisms within a single trophic level. Here, we test the ability of metacommunity models to predict the network structure of the aquatic food web found in the leaves of the northern pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea. The species-sorting and patch-dynamics models most accurately reproduced nine food web properties, suggesting that local-scale interactions play an important role in structuring Sarracenia food webs. Our approach can be applied to any well-resolved food web for which data are available from multiple locations. The metacommunity framework explores the relative influence of local and regional-scale processes in generating diversity patterns across the landscape. Metacommunity models and empirical studies have focused mostly on assemblages of competing organisms within a single trophic level. Studies of multi-trophic metacommunities are predominantly restricted to simplified trophic motifs and rarely consider entire food webs. We tested the ability of the patch-dynamics, species-sorting, mass-effects, and neutral metacommunity models, as well as three hybrid models, to reproduce empirical patterns of food web structure and composition in the complex aquatic food web found in the northern pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea. We used empirical data to determine regional species pools and estimate dispersal probabilities, simulated local food-web dynamics, dispersed species from regional pools into local food webs at rates based on the assumptions of each metacommunity model, and tested their relative fits to empirical data on food-web structure. The species-sorting and patch-dynamics models most accurately reproduced nine food web properties, suggesting that local-scale interactions were important in structuring Sarracenia food webs. However, differences in dispersal abilities were also important in models that accurately reproduced empirical food web properties. Although the models were tested using pitcher-plant food webs, the approach we have developed can be applied to any well-resolved food web for which data are available from multiple locations. © 2012 The Authors. Oikos © 2012 Nordic Society Oikos
Population Dynamics on Complex Food Webs
In this work we analyse the topological and dynamical properties of a simple
model of complex food webs, namely the niche model. In order to underline
competition among species, we introduce "prey" and "predators" weighted overlap
graphs derived from the niche model and compare synthetic food webs with real
data. Doing so, we find new tests for the goodness of synthetic food web models
and indicate a possible direction of improvement for existing ones. We then
exploit the weighted overlap graphs to define a competition kernel for
Lotka-Volterra population dynamics and find that for such a model the stability
of food webs decreases with its ecological complexity.Comment: 11 Pages, 5 Figures, styles enclosed in the submissio
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