Effects of oil palm (elais guineensis) fruit extracts on glucose uptake activity of muscle, adipose and liver cells

The effect of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruit aqueous extract (OPF) on glucose uptake activity of three different cell lines was investigated. The cell lines were incubated with different concentrations of OPF to evaluate the stimulatory effect of OPF towards glucose uptake activity of L6 myotubes, 3T3F442A adipocytes and Chang liver cell line. The glucose uptake activities of all tested cells were enhanced in the presence of OPF extract (basal condition). Nevertheless in combination of OPF extract and 100 nM insulin, the glucose uptake activity was only significantly enhanced in L6 myotubes and 3T3F442A adipocytes cell lines. The extracts enhanced the glucose uptake into cells through either insulin-mimetic or insulin-sensitizing property or combination of these two properties. It can be suggested that the OPF extract exerts its antihyperglycemic action partly by mediated glucose uptake into the glucose-responsive disposal cells, muscle, adipose and liver

Bi-ideals of ordered semigroups based on the interval-valued fuzzy point

Interval-valued fuzzy set theory (advanced generalization of Zadeh’s fuzzy sets) is a more generalized theory that can deal with real world problems more precisely than ordinary fuzzy set theory. In this paper, we introduce the notion of generalized quasi-coincident with (q(Formula Presented)) relation of an interval-valued fuzzy point with an interval-valued fuzzy set. In fact, this new concept is a more generalized form of quasi-coincident with relation of an interval-valued fuzzy point with an interval-valued fuzzy set. Applying this newly defined idea, the notion of an interval-valued (∈,∈vq(Formula Presented)) -fuzzy bi-ideal is introduced. Moreover, some characterizations of interval-valued (∈,∈vq(Formula Presented)) -fuzzy bi-ideals are described. It is shown that an interval-valued (∈,∈vq(Formula Presented)) -fuzzy bi-ideal is an interval-valued fuzzy bi-ideal by imposing a condition on interval-valued fuzzy subset. Finally, the concept of implication-based interval-valued fuzzy bi-ideals, characterizations of an interval-valued fuzzy bi-ideal and an interval-valued (∈,∈vq(Formula Presented)) - fuzzy bi-ideal are considered

Innovative types of fuzzy gamma ideals in ordered gamma semigroups

The fuzzification of algebraic structures plays an important role in handling many areas of multi-disciplinary research, such as computer science, control theory, information science, topological spaces and fuzzy automata to handle many real world problems. For instance, algebraic structures are particularly useful in detecting permanent faults on sequential machine behaviour. However, the idea of ordered T-semigroup as a generalization of ordered semigroup in algebraic structures has rarely been studied. In this research, a new form of fuzzy subsystem in ordered T-semigroup is defined. Specifically, a developmental platform of further characterizations on ordered T-semigroups using fuzzy subsystems properties and new fuzzified ideal structures of ordered semigroups is developed based on a detailed study of ordered T-semigroups in terms of the idea of belongs to (E) and quasicoincidence with (q) relation. This idea of quasi-coincidence of a fuzzy point with a fuzzy set played a remarkable role in obtaining several types of fuzzy subgroups and subsystems based on three contributions. One, a new form of generalization of fuzzy generalized bi T-ideal is developed, and the notion of fuzzy bi T-ideal of the form (E,E Vqk) in an ordered T-semigroup is also introduced. In addition, a necessary and sufficient condition for an ordered T-semigroup to be simple T-ideals in terms of this new form is stated. Two, the concept of (E,E Vqk)-fuzzy quasi T-ideals, fuzzy semiprime T-ideals, and other characterization in terms of regular (left, right, completely, intra) in ordered T-semigroup are developed. Three, a new fuzzified T-ideal in terms of interior T-ideal of ordered T-semigroups in many classes are determined. Thus, this thesis provides the characterizations of innovative types of fuzzy T-ideals in ordered T-semigroups with classifications in terms of completely regular, intra-regular, for fuzzy generalized bi T-ideals, fuzzy bi T-ideals, fuzzy quasi and fuzzy semiprime T-ideals, and fuzzy interior T-ideals. These findings constitute a platform for further advancement of ordered T-semigroups and their applications to other concepts and branches of algebra

New Types of Fuzzy Interior Ideals of Ordered Semigroups Based on Fuzzy Points

Subscribing to the Zadeh’s idea on fuzzy sets, many researchers strive to identify the key attributes of these sets for new finding in mathematics. In this perspective, new types of fuzzy interior ideals called (∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy interior ideals of ordered semigroups are reported. Several classes of ordered semigroups such as regular ordered semigroups, intra-regular, simple and semi-simple ordered semigroups are characterized by (∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy interior ideals and (∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy ideals. We also prove that in regular (resp. intra-regular and semisimple) ordered semigroups the concept of (∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy ideals and (∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy interior ideals coincide. Further, we show that an ordered semigroup S is simple if and only if it is (∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy simple. The characterization of intra-regular and semi-simple ordered semigroups in terms of (∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy ideals and (∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy interior ideals are provided. We define semiprime(∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy ideals and prove that S is left regular if and only if every(∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy left ideal is semiprime and S is intra-regular if and only if every (∈, ∈ ∨qk )-fuzzy ideal is semiprime. The concept of upper/lower parts of an (∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy interior ideal and some interesting results are discussed

Theoretical Computer Science and Discrete Mathematics

This book includes 15 articles published in the Special Issue "Theoretical Computer Science and Discrete Mathematics" of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This Special Issue is devoted to original and significant contributions to theoretical computer science and discrete mathematics. The aim was to bring together research papers linking different areas of discrete mathematics and theoretical computer science, as well as applications of discrete mathematics to other areas of science and technology. The Special Issue covers topics in discrete mathematics including (but not limited to) graph theory, cryptography, numerical semigroups, discrete optimization, algorithms, and complexity

Operational algebraic properties and subsemigroups of semigroups in view of k-folded N-structures

The concept of $k$-folded $\mathcal{N}$-structures ($k$-F$\mathcal{N}$Ss) is an essential concept to be considered for tackling intricate and tricky data. In this study, we want to broaden the notion of $k$-F$\mathcal{N}$S by providing a general algebraic structure for tackling $k$-folded $\mathcal{N}$-data by fusing the conception of semigroup and $k$-F$\mathcal{N}$S. First, we introduce and study some algebraic properties of $k$-F$\mathcal{N}$Ss, for instance, subset, characteristic function, union, intersection, complement and product of $k$-F$\mathcal{N}$Ss, and support them by illustrative examples. We also propose $k$-folded $\mathcal{N}$-subsemigroups ($k$-F$\mathcal{N}$SBs) and $\widetilde{\zeta}$-$k$-folded $\mathcal{N}$-subsemigroups ($\widetilde{\zeta}$-$k$-F$\mathcal{N}$SBs) in the structure of semigroups and explore some attributes of these concepts. Characterizations of subsemigroups are considered based on these concepts. Using the notion of $k$-folded $\mathcal{N}$-product, characterizations of $k$-F$\mathcal{N}$SBs are also discussed. Further, we obtain a necessary condition of a $k$-F$\mathcal{N}$SB to be a $k$-folded $\mathcal{N}$-idempotent. Finally, relations between $k$-folded $\mathcal{N}$-intersection and $k$-folded $\mathcal{N}$-product are displayed, and how the image and inverse image of a $k$-F$\mathcal{N}$SB become a $k$-F$\mathcal{N}$SB is studied