Monitoring of the piston ring-pack and cylinder liner interface in diesel engines through acoustic emission measurements

Investigation of novel condition monitoring systems for diesel engines has received much recent attention due to the increasing demands placed upon engine components and the limitations of conventional techniques. This thesis documents experimental research conducted to assess the monitoring capabilities of Acoustic Emission (AE) analysis. In particular it focuses on the possibility of monitoring the piston ring-pack and cylinder liner interface, a critical engine sub-system for which there are currently few practical monitoring options. A series of experiments were performed on large, two-stroke and small, four-stroke diesel engines. Tests under normal operating conditions developed a detailed understanding of typical AE generation in terms of both the source mechanisms and the characteristics of the resulting activity. This was supplemented by specific tests to investigate possible AE generation at the ring-pack/liner interface. For instance, for the small engines measures were taken to remove known AE sources in order to accentuate any activity originating at the interface whilst for the large engines the interfacial conditions were purposely deteriorated through the removal of the lubricating oil supply to one cylinder. Interpretation of the results was based mainly upon comparisons with published work encompassing both the expected ring-pack behaviour and AE generation from tribological processes. This provided a strong indication that the source of the ring-pack/liner AE activity was the boundary frictional losses. The ability to monitor this process may be of significant benefit to engine operators as it enhances the diagnostic information currently available and may be incorporated into predictive maintenance strategies. A further diagnostic technique considered was the possibility of using AE parameters combined with information of crankshaft speed fluctuations to evaluate engine balance and identify underperforming cylinders.EU Competitive and Sustainable Growth Programme, Project no: GRD2-2001-5001

Experimental study on CO2-sensitive polyacrylamide as potential in-situ sealing agent for CO2 leakage pathways in geological storage sites

As the world pushes for ‘greener’ technologies and carbon neutrality, efforts have focused on creating novel ways to mitigate humankind’s carbon footprint. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has become a prevalent technique that has proven to be an effective long-term method to safely relocate excess carbon dioxide (CO2) into subsurface formations. However, CCS is a newer technique which requires constant monitoring due to potential leakage pathways present in CO2 storage sites; therefore, a preventive approach to seal leakage pathways is recommended. This dissertation explores the potential of CO2-sensitive polyacrylamide (CO2-SPAM) as a novel sealing agent for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CCS applications. This manuscript explores the strength and weaknesses of various CO2-triggered chemicals and selects the appropriate fit for subsurface in-situ sealing. Relevant literature shows that CO2-SPAM can significantly reduce permeability in porous media. Additionally, organically cross-linked polyacrylamide-based gels, of which CO2-SPAM is one, are thermally stable, resistant to low pH levels, highly injectable, and widely used in various industrial processes. These characteristics make CO2-SPAM a suitable candidate for in-situ sealing. Further studies were performed to comprehend the chemical mechanism, rheological behavior, and injection effects of CO2-SPAM into subsurface formations. Firstly, past literature knowledge and organic chemistry principals were used to develop the complete chemical breakdown of CO2-SPAM gel’s synthesis. Secondly, the effect of salt and polyacrylamide (PAM) concentrations on gelation time, gel strength and viscosity were tested through qualitative (Sydansk gel strength coding system) and quantitative methods (rheometer measurement). The results showed that high salinities increase gelation time and decrease gel strength and viscosity, while high PAM concentrations do the opposite. Lastly, the effects on geomechanical stresses caused by CO2-SPAM injection into the subsurface are also addressed by using the image well method for pore pressure estimation, and frictional faulting theory. The final results determined that the injection of aqueous CO2-SPAM would induce seismicity in normal faulting zones dipping at a large array of angles in the plane of failure. These findings are significant as they determine the potential of induced seismicity in the area of CCS, which in this case was the Raton basin

Induced seismicity associated with enhanced geothermal system

Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) offer the potential to significantly add to the world energy inventory. As with any development of new technology, some aspects of the technology has been accepted by the general public, but some have not yet been accepted and await further clarification before such acceptance is possible. One of the issues associated with EGS is the role of microseismicity during the creation of the underground reservoir and the subsequent extraction of the energy. The primary objectives of this white paper are to present an up-to-date review of the state of knowledge about induced seismicity during the creation and operation of enhanced geothermal systems, and to point out the gaps in knowledge that if addressed will allow an improved understanding of the mechanisms generating the events as well as serve as a basis to develop successful protocols for monitoring and addressing community issues associated with such induced seismicity. The information was collected though literature searches as well as convening three workshops to gather information from a wide audience. Although microseismicity has been associated with the development of production and injection operations in a variety of geothermal regions, there have been no or few adverse physical effects on the operations or on surrounding communities. Still, there is public concern over the possible amount and magnitude of the seismicity associated with current and future EGS operations. It is pointed out that microseismicity has been successfully dealt with in a variety of non-geothermal as well as geothermal environments. Several case histories are also presented to illustrate a variety of technical and public acceptance issues. It is concluded that EGS Induced seismicity need not pose any threat to the development of geothermal resources if community issues are properly handled. In fact, induced seismicity provides benefits because it can be used as a monitoring tool to understand the effectiveness of the EGS operations and shed light on the mechanics of the reservoir

Multi-Tenant Cloud FPGA: A Survey on Security

With the exponentially increasing demand for performance and scalability in cloud applications and systems, data center architectures evolved to integrate heterogeneous computing fabrics that leverage CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs. FPGAs differ from traditional processing platforms such as CPUs and GPUs in that they are reconfigurable at run-time, providing increased and customized performance, flexibility, and acceleration. FPGAs can perform large-scale search optimization, acceleration, and signal processing tasks compared with power, latency, and processing speed. Many public cloud provider giants, including Amazon, Huawei, Microsoft, Alibaba, etc., have already started integrating FPGA-based cloud acceleration services. While FPGAs in cloud applications enable customized acceleration with low power consumption, it also incurs new security challenges that still need to be reviewed. Allowing cloud users to reconfigure the hardware design after deployment could open the backdoors for malicious attackers, potentially putting the cloud platform at risk. Considering security risks, public cloud providers still don't offer multi-tenant FPGA services. This paper analyzes the security concerns of multi-tenant cloud FPGAs, gives a thorough description of the security problems associated with them, and discusses upcoming future challenges in this field of study

Contributions to the detection and diagnosis of soft errors in radiation environments

Texto completo descargado desde Teseo1. Introducción Los efectos de la radiación ionizante sobre dispositivos semiconductores es objeto de estudio desde la invención del transistor bipolar en 1947. El espacio es un entorno de alta radiación, como pusieron de manifiesto los primeros satélites puestos en órbita, y fue durante la carrera espacial de los años 50 cuando se impulsó el estudio de errores generados en componentes electrónicos críticos a bordo de las primeras misiones espaciales. La necesidad de robustecer la electrónica frente a la radiación ha estado siempre presente en el sector aeroespacial, además, el progresivo escalado de las tecnologías microelectrónicas, hace que el problema sea cada vez más acuciante, afectando incluso a dispositivos que operan a nivel del mar. El advenimiento de tecnologías nanométricas augura que serán necesarias nuevas y más eficaces técnicas de robustecimiento que garanticen la fiabilidad de equipos electrónicos críticos en sectores tan importantes como la aviación, automoción o energía nuclear. Existen dos métodos de robustecimiento para los dispositivos electrónicos, por proceso y por diseño. En el primer caso, el circuito integrado es fabricado en una tecnología que presenta baja sensibilidad a los efectos de la radiación, como la ampliamente utilizada SOI (Silicon On Insulator). En el segundo caso, el circuito presenta topologías en su diseño que mitigan en mayor o menor grado el daño por radiación. La efectividad de cualquier medida de protección debe ser validada en el correspondiente ensayo de radiación de acuerdo a los estándares vigentes (ESA, NASA, JEDEC, AEC,...). Existen varios tipos de daño por radiación, asociados a dosis acumulada (TID) y a eventos únicos (SEE), fundamentalmente. Estos últimos están asociados al paso de una única partícula energética a través del dispositivo, que genera una estela de carga y puede dar lugar a respuestas eléctricas no deseadas, como conmutación 2 2 Antecedentes de biestables, enclavamiento de un bit o excursiones de voltaje transitorias. A su vez, dentro de los errores asociados a eventos únicos se puede distinguir entre daños físicos, que pueden destruir el dispositivo de manera irreversible, y errores lógicos o soft errors que conllevan la corrupción del estado de un circuito digital, por ejemplo por la conmutación del valor lógico de un biestable. Los tests en aceleradores de partículas o con fuentes radiactivas, se consideran los ensayos más representativos para conocer la inmunidad de un componente frente al daño de tipo SEE. Sin embargo, la complejidad de estos ensayos dificulta la observabilidad experimental y la interpretación de los resultados obtenidos. En particular los tests dinámicos, que implican que el chip esté operando durante la irradiacón, comportan una dificultad añadida a la hora de interpretar los errores observados en las salidas del circuito. El test dinámico de radiación es el más realista, ya que introduce la variable temporal en el experimento y da lugar a efectos reales que no son reproducibles en condiciones estáticas, como el evento único transitorio (SET). El trabajo a realizar durante esta tesis pretende aportar una metodología de test que mejore la observabilidad de errores lógicos en un test dinámico de radiación de circuitos digitales mediante detección y diagnóstico en tiempo real. 2. Antecedentes La experiencia investigadora del grupo al que pertenece el autor de esta tesis en el campo de los efectos de la radiación sobre dispositivos electrónicos, ha puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de establecer una metodología que permita el diagnóstico de los errores observados en un componente electrónico sometido a radiación ionizante. Generalmente, no es posible correlacionar con certeza el efecto (anomalía detectada en los puertos de salida) con la causa del mismo. La complejidad inherente a la instrumentación de un ensayo de radiación en un acelerador 3 3 Hipótesis y Objetivos de partículas, así como la propia comlejidad del circuito bajo estudio, requieren algún criterio de clasificación de los errores observados que pueden ser de muy diversa naturaleza. Algunos autores han aportado técnicas que combinan inyección de fallos dinámica con test en acelerador estáticos para estimar la probabilidad de fallo real del circuito, salvando la complejidad del test de radiación dinámico. La protección selectiva, consistente en adoptar topologías de diseño robustas en ¿puntos calientes¿ o críticos del circuito, requiere técnicas de ensayo que permita el diagnóstico y localización del daño por radiación. El uso de microsondas nucleares permite la focalización de un haz de iones en una región relativamente pequeña, facilitando el diagnóstico. La disponibilidad de uso de la microsonda nuclear en el Centro Nacional de Aceleradores puede contribuir al desarrollo de la técnica de detección y diagnóstico que es objeto de esta tesis. La curva de sección eficaz de fallo SEE es la forma más extendida de representación de resultados de experimentación. Estas curvas representan una colección de datos experimentales que deben ser minuciosamente clasificados. Lo mismo ocurre en los tests destinados a evaluar la tasa de errores lógicos en tiempo real (RTSER). En este sentido, la norma JEDEC JESD89-1A recomienda que se sigan ¿criterios de fallo¿ para la correcta identificación de los errores detectados a la salida de un circuito en tests de radiación. 3. Hipótesis y Objetivos El grupo de investigación al que pertenece el doctorando, posee una contrastada experiencia en el uso de emuladores hardware para la evaluación temprana de la robustez de diseños digitales ante errores lógicos. Estos emuladores inyectan fallos en la netlist de un diseño digital y estudian la evolución del estado del circuito durante la ejecución de un conjunto de estímulos. La principal ventaja de estas herramientas frente a la simulación, radica en la aceleración hardware de los 4 3 Hipótesis y Objetivos tests que permite la finalización de campañas de inyección masivas en un tiempo relativamente corto. Las campañas masivas o sistemáticas de inyección de fallos permiten comprobar de forma exhaustiva la respuesta de un diseño digital a un entorno de alta radiación. Estas campañas arrojan una ingente cantidad de información acerca de las vulnerabilidades del diseño que debe ser procesada generalmente de forma estadística. La correlación entre el instante y lugar de inyección del fallo emulado y la respuesta del mismo, sería una información que permitiría establecer la causa de un error (comportamiento anómalo) observado durante un test de radiación, donde generalmente sólo están accesibles las salidas del dispositivo. Los resultados de una campaña de inyección dependen, además del diseño bajo test, del conjunto de estímulos aplicado (workload). A partir de los resultados de la campaña de inyección masiva, se puede realizar un estudio estadístico que determine la calidad de los vectores de test desde el punto de vista del diagnóstico. Es de esperar que diferentes fallos inyectados compartan la misma firma, de manera que en caso de obtener dicha firma en un test de radiación, sea imposible determinar exactamente el punto de inyección del fallo. A la hora de preparar un test de radiación, es recomendable emplear vectores de test que garanticen que la certidumbre del diagnóstico sea máxima, lo cual es un aporte adicional de la tesis. Esta tesis pretende establecer un procedimiento que permita obtener ¿diccionarios de fallos¿ en los que se establece una correlación entre el punto de inyección y la respuesta del circuito codificada en una firma de pocos bytes. Durante un test de radiación se pueden obtener en tiempo real las firmas generadas por el circuito, que servirán para diagnosticar en cada caso el origen del daño empleando los diccionarios de fallos previamente generados en un emulador hardware. En el supuesto de que la firma generada durante la irradiación no estuviera contenida en un diccionario exhaustivo, se puede decir que el error no ha sido originado por el 5 4 Metodología y Trabajo Realizado modelo de fallo empleado en la generación del diccionario, debiéndose por tanto a un tipo de daño no contemplado (por ejemplo daño físico). La culminación de la tesis es el test de radiación en un acelerador de partículas. La Universidad de Sevilla cuenta con las instalaciones del Centro Nacional de Aceleradores, que puede ser un banco de pruebas idóneo para comprobar la validez de la metodología y comprobar las ventajas e inconvenientes de la misma. 4. Metodología y Trabajo Realizado El plan de trabajo incluyó los siguientes hitos en el orden expuesto: Estudio de la base de conocimiento genérica relacionada con los efectos de la radiación en circuitos electrónicos Análisis del Estado del Arte en técnicas de inyección de fallos en circuitos digitales. Recopilación de normas y estándares relacionados con los test radiación de componentes electrónicos. Estudio simulado de bajo nivel de los efectos de la radiación en tecnologías submicrométricas. Selección de un módulo adecuado para creación de firmas a partir de las salidas de un circuito digital. Adecuación del emulador hardware FT-UNSHADES para la generación de firmas durante las campañas de inyección. Selección de un vehículo de test para el experimento en la microsonda nuclear del CNA. 6 4 Metodología y Trabajo Realizado Realización de campañas de inyección masivas para la generación de diccionarios de fallos sobre diseños digitales y análisis de resultados. Preparación del setup experimental para el acelerador de partículas. Experimento en la microsonda nuclear del CNA y análisis de resultados. El estudio bibliográfico de la base de conocimiento en el campo de los efectos de la radiación sobre circuitos electrónicos ha sido fundamental para poder establecer el ámbito de aplicación de la tesis. El papel de la emulación hardware para inyección de fallos en esta investigación fue crítica y ha sido necesario un estudio de las plataformas existentes para entender qué puede aportar cada herramienta. Para acabar con la documentación, es necesario además recopilar las normas y estándares relacionados con test de radiación de circuitos electrónicos. La simulación de bajo nivel de los efectos de la radiación sobre una determinada tecnología engloba herramientas como SPICE, SRIM y TCAD. Estas simulaciones permiten estimar cuales deben ser las características del haz de iones empleado en un futuro ensayo en el acelerador de partículas. Los resultados de estas simulaciones fueron discutidos con los técnicos del acelerador para estudiar la viabilidad de los parámetros deseados. Un elemento clave en la metodología fue el bloque que debe generar las firmas a partir de las salidas del circuito digital. Es deseable que se trate de un módulo sencillo y que pueda ser implementado en un dispositivo programable sin suponer un consumo excesivo de recursos. El emulador FT-UNSHADES fue adaptado par incorporar el módulo de firmas. Se dispuso de un circuito integrado que servió vehículo de test para un experimento en el CNA. Es necesaria además la descripción VHDL del mismo para su emulación en FT-UNSHADES. No es objeto de esta tesis el desarrollo de este componente, su diseño y fabricación está fuera del alcance de esta tesis. Se gener- 7 4 Metodología y Trabajo Realizado aron diccionarios de fallos del vehículo de tests y de otros diseños digitales y, a partir de estos diccionarios, se han confeccionado estudios estadísticos de diagnóstico. En una fase ulterior, se desarrolló el hardware necesario para el setup experimental. Todo el hardware se probó en el laboratorio, antes de acudir al CNA. El resultado de esta etapa es la configuración del equipamiento de test automático (ATE) que se encargó de introducir estímulos en el chip y monitorizarlo durante el experimento en el acelerador de partículas. Finalmente, se llevó a cabo un experimento en el Centro Nacional de Aceleradores sobre el vehículo de test elegido para completar una prueba de concepto de la metodología propuesta.

Development Strategies For a Fractured, Heavy Oil Reservoir - Results From Numerical Simulations

This research is focused on studying reservoir “N” in the Yarega heavy oilfield (YHOF) for development strategies and production optimization. YHOF is a naturally fractured heavy oil field where only very recently SAGD technology has been introduced. The motivation for this research is derived from the fact that SAGD employed in this field has so far resulted in early steam breakthrough leading to producer abandonment and new drilling, thus increasing costs. This study explores numerically different static and dynamic reservoir characterization models (single porosity versus dual porosity systems), and subsequent pressure-production history matched reservoir simulation for understanding heat and mass transfer mechanisms. Thereafter, different drilling and production scenarios are tested for candidate selection for the highest recovery and production optimization. Results from the 3 dimensional sector model suggest that while all effective development technologies in this reservoir should be based on thermal methods of oil recovery, cyclic steam injection inhibited early breakthrough and thus can eliminate or reduce risk for well abandonment from the same cause. Based on results from this research, we however recommend the testing of a fishtail well development plan with cyclic steam injection that includes a 10-day steam injection, 10-day soaking period, and 10-day production period. In comparison to continuous steam injection recovery (4.5% over three years), we anticipate a 7% recovery from this technology implementation and testing

Development of Fault Diagnosis and Fault Tolerant Control Algorithms with Application to Unmanned Systems

Unmanned vehicles have been increasingly employed in real life. They include unmanned air vehicles (UAVs), unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs), unmanned spacecrafts, and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). Unmanned vehicles like any other autonomous systems need controllers to stabilize and control them. On the other hand unmanned systems might subject to different faults. Detecting a fault, finding the location and severity of it, are crucial for unmanned vehicles. Having enough information about a fault, it is needed to redesign controller based on post fault characteristics of the system. The obtained controlled system in this case can tolerate the fault and may have a better performance. The main focus of this thesis is to develop Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) algorithms, and Fault Tolerant Controllers (FTC) to increase performance, safety and reliability of various missions using unmanned systems. In the field of unmanned ground vehicles, a new kinematical control method has been proposed for the trajectory tracking of nonholonomic Wheeled Mobile Robots (MWRs). It has been experimentally tested on an UGV, called Qbot. A stable leader-follower formation controller for time-varying formation configuration of multiple nonholonomic wheeled mobile robots has also been presented and is examined through computer simulation. In the field of unmanned aerial vehicles, Two-Stage Kalman Filter (TSKF), Adaptive Two-Stage Kalman Filter (ATSKF), and Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) filter were proposed for FDD of the quadrotor helicopter testbed in the presence of actuator faults. As for space missions, an FDD algorithm for the attitude control system of the Japan Canada Joint Collaboration Satellite - Formation Flying (JC2Sat-FF) mission has been developed. The FDD scheme was achieved using an IMM-based FDD algorithm. The efficiency of the FDD algorithm has been shown through simulation results in a nonlinear simulator of the JC2Sat-FF. A fault tolerant fuzzy gain-scheduled PID controller has also been designed for a quadrotor unmanned helicopter in the presence of actuator faults. The developed FDD algorithms and fuzzy controller were evaluated through experimental application to a quadrotor helicopter testbed called Qball-X4

Battery Management Systems of Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

The topics of interest in this book include significant challenges in the BMS design of EV/HEV. The equivalent models developed for several types of integrated Li-ion batteries consider the environmental temperature and ageing effects. Different current profiles for testing the robustness of the Kalman filter type estimators of the battery state of charge are used in this book. Additionally, the BMS can integrate a real-time model-based sensor Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) scheme for a Li-ion cell undergoing degradation, which uses the recursive least squares (RLS) method to estimate the equivalent circuit model (ECM) parameters. This book will fully meet the demands of a large community of readers and specialists working in the field due to its attractiveness and scientific content with a great openness to the side of practical applicability. This covers various interesting aspects, especially related to the characterization of commercial batteries, diagnosis and optimization of their performance, experimental testing and statistical analysis, thermal modelling, and implementation of the most suitable Kalman filter type estimators of high accuracy to estimate the state of charg

Dynamic Response in Transient Stress-Field Behavior Induced by Hydraulic Fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing is a technique which is used to exploit geologic features and subsurface properties in an effort to increase production in low-permeability formations. The process of hydraulic fracturing provides a greater surface contact area between the producing formation and the wellbore and thus increases the amount of recoverable hydrocarbons from within the reservoir. The use of this stimulation technique has brought on massive applause from the industry due to its widespread success and effectiveness, however the dynamic processes that take part in the development of hydraulic fractures is a relatively new area of research with respect to the massive scale operations that are seen today.;The process of hydraulic fracturing relies upon understanding and exploiting the in-situ stress distribution throughout the area of study. These in-situ stress conditions are responsible for directing fracture orientation and propagation paths throughout the period of injection. The relative magnitude of these principle stresses is key in developing a successful stimulation plan. In horizontal well plan development the interpretation of stress within the reservoir is required for determining the azimuth of the horizontal well path. These horizontal laterals are typically oriented in a manner such that the well path lies parallel to the minimum horizontal stress. This allows for vertical fractures to develop transversely to the wellbore, or normal to the least principle stress without the theoretical possibility of fractures overlapping, creating the most efficient use of the fluid energy during injection.;The orientation and magnitude of these in-situ stress fields however can be dynamic, controlled by the subsequent fracture propagation and redistribution of the surrounding stresses. That is, that as the fracture propagates throughout the reservoir, the relative stress fields surrounding the fractures may see a shift and deviate from their original direction or magnitude. These types of shifts are of great concern because they can impact subsequent fracture development causing non-uniform fracture propagation and the potential overlapping of fracture paths as they extend from the wellbore at the point of injection.;The dynamics of stress variation that occur with respect to hydraulic fracturing is a somewhat new area of study. In order to accomplish the goals of this thesis and continue future research in this area a new transient model has been developed in order to asses these dynamic systems and determine their influence on fracture behavior. This applies the use of a fully coupled finite element method in 2-D using linear elastic fracture mechanics which is then expanded using displacement discontinuity to a cohesive zone model in 3-D. A static boundary element model was also used to determine stress fields surrounding static, predetermined fracture geometries. These models have been verified against analytical solutions for simple cases and are now being applied to more detailed case studies and analysis. These models have been briefly discussed throughout this thesis in order to give insight on their current capabilities and application as well as their future potential within this area of research.;The majority of this work introduces transient stress field prediction to cases of single and multiple hydraulic fractures. The static assessment of these stresses is determined for verification of results to those found in publication which leads into these transient stress field variations. A new method has been developed and applied to the stress state prediction for the first time in a transient fracture model which is partly based upon a critical distance theory. These dynamic interactions can provide useful insight to pertinent issues within the petroleum and natural gas industry such as those to hydraulic fracturing fluid loss and induced seismic events, as well as to applications of efficiency and optimization of the stimulation treatment plan