38,078 research outputs found
Performance Evaluation of a Modified Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection Protocol
Using Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMMCD), Ethernet
Local Area Networks (LANs) suffers from capture effect in packet loss. As a result of
capture effect, some nodes may be locked-out of using the medium for a period of time.
Hence, CSMAICD based Ethernet is unsuitable for real-time multimedia traffic. It does
not guarantee delay bound, behaves poorly under heavy load conditions.
To overcome these shortcomings and enhance performance of CSMAKD based LAN,
three new concepts are added to the conventional CSMMCD. Firstly, each node in the
LAN has a finite buffer. A node competes for access to the medium after its buffer is full.
It will transmit all packets in the buffer if access is permitted. To minimize the waiting
delay of packets in the buffer prior to transmission, a time-out period is set, beyond
which a node tries to transmit considering its buffer is full.Due to buffer, the number of nodes trying to transmit at a time is reduced, thereby
collision rate is reduced. Capture effect, locked-out probability, bandwidth loss and
backoff delays are also reduced. To support all types of traffic (mainly real-time traffic),
the optimum buffer size obtained is 10 packetsibuffer. Using this buffer, multimedia
traffic can be sent in a streamed fashion within a delay bound. Secondly, the maximum
retransmission attempt limit and backoff limit are reduced to 10 and 8 times respectively
to guarantee a tolerable delay for multimedia applications. A new special-jamming signal
is introduced. It gives transmission priority to the node that already has finished its
maximum retransmission attempt. This prevents packet loss and quality degradation of
received normal data traffic and multimedia traffic.
The final one is the priority scheduler, which is activated when multiple nodes send the
special-jamming signal at a time. It gives permission to the node having either the lowest
timestamp or the smallest source address (SA) to transmit while other nodes wait until
their access is permitted accordingly.
The proposed protocol is based on bus topology for a single channel LAN. Throughput,
transmission efficiency, average delay and percentage of collision of the proposed
network is evaluated against number of nodes, bus length and offered load within two
environments, i.e. Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet. The results show significant
performance improvement. Throughput, transmission efficiency are increased more than
10% in average. On the other hand, average delay and percentage of collision are reduced
to less than 2 ms and 3.5% respectively compared to the conventional CSMA/CD based
LAN
Observation of prolonged coherence time of the collective spin wave of atomic ensemble in a paraffin coated Rb vapor cell
We report a prolonged coherence time of the collective spin wave of a thermal
87Rb atomic ensemble in a paraffin coated cell. The spin wave is prepared
through a stimulated Raman Process. The long coherence time time is achieved by
prolonging the lifetime of the spins with paraffin coating and minimize
dephasing with optimal experimental configuration. The observation of the long
time delayed-stimulated Stokes signal in the writing process suggests the
prolonged lifetime of the prepared spins; a direct measurement of the decay of
anti-Stokes signal in the reading process shows the coherence time is up to 300
us after minimizing dephasing. This is one hundred times longer than the
reported coherence time in the similar experiments in thermal atomic ensembles
based on the Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller (DLCZ) and its improved protocols. This
prolonged coherence time sets the upper limit of the memory time in quantum
repeaters based on such protocols, which is crucial for the realization of
long-distance quantum communication. The previous reported fluorescence
background in the writing process due to collision in a sample cell with buffer
gas is also reduced in a cell without buffer gas.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Throughput and Collision Analysis of Multi-Channel Multi-Stage Spectrum Sensing Algorithms
Multi-stage sensing is a novel concept that refers to a general class of
spectrum sensing algorithms that divide the sensing process into a number of
sequential stages. The number of sensing stages and the sensing technique per
stage can be used to optimize performance with respect to secondary user
throughput and the collision probability between primary and secondary users.
So far, the impact of multi-stage sensing on network throughput and collision
probability for a realistic network model is relatively unexplored. Therefore,
we present the first analytical framework which enables performance evaluation
of different multi-channel multi-stage spectrum sensing algorithms for
Opportunistic Spectrum Access networks. The contribution of our work lies in
studying the effect of the following parameters on performance: number of
sensing stages, physical layer sensing techniques and durations per each stage,
single and parallel channel sensing and access, number of available channels,
primary and secondary user traffic, buffering of incoming secondary user
traffic, as well as MAC layer sensing algorithms. Analyzed performance metrics
include the average secondary user throughput and the average collision
probability between primary and secondary users. Our results show that when the
probability of primary user mis-detection is constrained, the performance of
multi-stage sensing is, in most cases, superior to the single stage sensing
counterpart. Besides, prolonged channel observation at the first stage of
sensing decreases the collision probability considerably, while keeping the
throughput at an acceptable level. Finally, in realistic primary user traffic
scenarios, using two stages of sensing provides a good balance between
secondary users throughput and collision probability while meeting successful
detection constraints subjected by Opportunistic Spectrum Access communication
Collisional effects in the formation of cold guided beams of polar molecules
High fluxes of cold polar molecules are efficiently produced by electric
guiding and velocity filtering. Here, we investigate different aspects of the
beam formation. Variations of the source parameters such as density and
temperature result in characteristic changes in the guided beam. These are
observed in the velocity distribution of the guided molecules as well as in the
dependence of the signal of guided molecules on the trapping electric field. A
model taking into account velocity-dependent collisional losses of cold
molecules in the region close to the nozzle accurately reproduces this
behavior. This clarifies an open question on the parameter dependence of the
detected signal and gives a more detailed understanding of the velocity
filtering and guiding process
Design and Performance of the Data Acquisition System for the NA61/SHINE Experiment at CERN
This paper describes the hardware, firmware and software systems used in data
acquisition for the NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN SPS accelerator. Special
emphasis is given to the design parameters of the readout electronics for the
40m^3 volume Time Projection Chamber detectors, as these give the largest
contribution to event data among all the subdetectors: events consisting of
8bit ADC values from 256 timeslices of 200k electronic channels are to be read
out with ~100Hz rate. The data acquisition system is organized in "push-data
mode", i.e. local systems transmit data asynchronously. Techniques of solving
subevent synchronization are also discussed.Comment: 14 pages, 13 figure
Mobile Networking
We point out the different performance problems that need to be addressed when considering mobility in IP networks. We also define the reference architecture and present a framework to classify the different solutions for mobility management in IP networks. The performance of the major candidate micro-mobility solutions is evaluated for both real-time (UDP) and data (TCP) traffic through simulation and by means of an analytical model. Using these models we compare the performance of different mobility management schemes for different data and real-time services and the network resources that are needed for it. We point out the problems of TCP in wireless environments and review some proposed enhancements to TCP that aim at improving TCP performance. We make a detailed study of how some of micro-mobility protocols namely Cellular IP, Hawaii and Hierarchical Mobile IP affect the behavior of TCP and their interaction with the MAC layer. We investigate the impact of handoffs on TCP by means of simulation traces that show the evolution of segments and acknowledgments during handoffs.Publicad
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