Troubleshooting in Mechanics: A Heuristic Matching Process

International audienceThis paper deals with expert operators' reasoning processes in troubleshooting. We want to know more about the information that experienced operators use. In a previous study we studied electronics troubleshooting. We found that experts used surface cues in order to implement heuristic rules even if the latter are not relevant to the current fault. We now wish to study the field of mechanics. An experiment was conducted in order to test the hypothesis of a heuristic rule-based level of control responsible for errors among experts. This paper adopts a naturalistic and ergonomic point of view about troubleshooting in mechanics. Our results show that expert mechanics operators' errors rely on heuristics in the troubleshooting process. This strategy relies on an automated matching process between symptoms and procedures. Although this strategy is usually powerful, it is rigid and may lead the operator to not locate the fault of the latter is atypica

Multiple fault diagnosis and human behavior: Diagnosing a two-bit binary adder

Thesis (B.S.) in Psychology--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1990.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 27-29)Microfiche of typescript. [Urbana, Ill.]: Photographic Services, University of Illinois, U of I Library, [1990]. 2 microfiches (60 frames): negative.s 1990 ilu n

Real Time Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Dynamic Engineering Systems Using Constraint Analysis

This thesis describes some new ideas and a practically orientated implementation for fault detection and diagnosis in dynamic engineering systems. The method is designed for use on-line, it is model based, and is capable of coping with modelling inaccuracies, noisy measurements from the system and unmeasurable system states. The fault detection system is robust to false alarms, and the fault diagnosis system allows for the possibility that multiple faults may occur simultaneously. A number of system analysis algorithms are presented to extract various system equations from the model of the system. This means that the user need only enter one model of the whole system, and all of the analysis and equation solving is then handled by computer. The results of this analysis are then automatically encapsulated into a fault detection and diagnosis tool. This results in the automatic generation of a specific fault analysis tool for the system entered by the user. A "hypothesis prover" is developed here for the domain of dynamic systems, which is used to test hypotheses. Some of the ideas about multiple faults as developed by de Kleer & Williams and Reiter have been used, but these have been adapted to make them applicable for real-time, recursive, imprecise, diagnosis. (Diagnoses are imprecise because, due to modelling errors and noisy measurement, it is never possible to be 100% certain about anything.) When multiple faults are considered, the number of possible combinations becomes very large, 2N - 1, where N is the number of components. The computation required to prove a particular hypothesis, although not enormous, is not trivial either, making it impractical to prove a large number of hypotheses. To overcome this a method is proposed which involves just proving a subset of the possible hypotheses, and using the information obtained from these to reason about the other hypotheses. This requires much less computational power as the reasoning process is much less intensive than the proving process. This make the diagnosis of multiple faults possible in real-time. The methods developed here are tested on a real, noisy system where approximations are made when producing the systems' model. These tests show the potential of this approach to fault diagnosis

Expert systems in on-line process control and fault diagnosis

In this research expert systems for on-line process control and fault diagnosis have been investigated and the majority of the research is on using expert systems in on-line process fault diagnosis. Several on-line expert systems, including a rule based controller and several fault diagnosis systems, have been developed in this research and are reported in this thesis. The research results obtained demonstrate that rule based controllers can be used in situations where mathematical models for the controlled process cannot be obtained or are very difficult to obtain. The research on on-line fault diagnosis emphasises deep knowledge based approaches. Two avenues in deep knowledge based approaches, namely causal search and qualitative modelling based diagnosis, have been investigated. In the approach of causal search the research results reveal that diagnostic efficiency can be achieved through structural decomposition. A systematic approach for developing diagnostic rules based on structural decomposition is presented in this thesis. Much of the research has been done on qualitative model based fault diagnosis. A qualitative reasoning method which utilizes knowledge on the quantitative relations among variables to reduce ambiguity and can cope with a wider range of situations than Raiman's Order of Magnitude Reasoning is investigated. In the qualitative model based diagnosis the function of the qualitative model is to predict the behaviour of the process under various hypotheses and, therefore, to verify these hypotheses. Further research concerning self-reasoning has been done for the qualitative model based diagnosis approach. Self-reasoning is achieved by backward tracing through the model of the diagnosis system and makes this diagnosis system more intelligent. Self-learning of heuristic rules based on qualitative modelling is investigated and heuristic rules can add efficiency to model based diagnosis. During investigating self-learning of heuristic rules, the good learning property of neural networks is recognised and, neural networks based on-line fault diagnoses are also investigated. The research results reveal that neural networks based diagnosis systems are easy to develop and perform robustly provided that the training data are available

On-line fault diagnosis of industrial processes based on artificial intelligence techniques

In this research the application of artificial intelligence techniques for on-line process control and fault detection and diagnosis are investigated. The majority of the research is on using artificial intelligence techniques in on-line fault detection and diagnosis of industrial processes. Several on-line approaches, including a rule based controller and several fault detection and diagnosis systems, have been developed and implemented and are described throughout this thesis. The research results obtained demonstrate that rule based controllers can be an alternative in situations where conventional mathematical modelling fails to give a high level of automation. The research on on-line fault detection and diagnosis emphasises the use of deep knowledge based approaches. Therefore, two on-line fault detection and diagnosis systems based on qualitative modelling have been implemented. For the first one only single abrupt faults have been considered while the second one can cope with single and multiple simultaneous abrupt faults. In order to overcome the problems associated with the inherent ambiguity of qualitative reasoning, a fuzzy qualitative simulation algorithm, which allows a semiquantitative extension to qualitative simulation, has been investigated. The adoption of fuzzy sets allows a more detailed description of physical variables, through an arbitrary, but finite, discretisation of the quantity space, and also allows common-sense knowledge to be represented rough the use of graded membership.F urther research concerning self-reasoning has been one for qualitative model based diagnosis approaches. A self-learning system which can find any inappropriate settings of fault detection and diagnosis parameters and also learn fault symptoms from on-line sampled data, has been developed. Through machine learning techniques, the system can adjust fuzzy membership functions of the process variables automatically, as well as build the knowledge base on-line very efficiently. In order to cope with incipient faults and transient behaviour of the process under concern, a distributed online fault detection and diagnosis system, consisting of a knowledge based approach coupled with a fuzzy neural network, has been developed. The fault detection task is performed through the knowledge based approach. A systematic methodology for formulating fault detection heuristic rules from knowledge of system structure and component -functions has been investigated. Since structural decomposition corresponds to plant topology, such a method could be easier to implement. A fuzzy neural network approach has been used for fault diagnosis. This system combines the advantages of both fuzzy reasoning and neural networks. In order to speed up the fuzzy neural network training task, an extension of the classical backpropagation learning algorithm is also investigated. The research results achieved with this fault detection and diagnosis system reveal a very good performance and reliability provided that the training data is available