Sistem Pembangunan Korpus Suara Spontan Bahasa Indonesia

Pengenalan Ucapan Kontinu Kamus Besar atau PUKKB merupakan sistem pengenalan suara yang paling mutakhir. Sistem ini mampu mengenali berbagai macam suara dan kata yang diucapkan orang. Kemampuan pengenalan tersebut didapat dengan melatih sistem menggunakan korpus suara membaca dan korpus suara spontan. Korpus suara merupakan elemen penting dalam melatih sistem tersebut, terutama korpus suara spontan. Korpus ini menjadi referensi cara pengucapan bagi sistem tersebut. Beberapa bahasa seperti bahasa Inggris, sistem seperti ini mudah dikembangkan karena terdapat banyak korpus suara yang beredar, tetapi untuk beberapa bahasa seperti bahasa Indonesia, korpus suara yang beredar masih sedikit. Dengan memadukan desain aplikasi pengumpul suara seperti Eyra, Woefzela dan Data Hound penulis mengembangkan aplikasi serupa untuk diaplikasikan dalam pembangunan korpus suara bahasa Indonesia, terutama dalam pengumpulan data suara. Kata kunci: Under-resourced, korpus suara spontan, cakupan triphone, pembangkitan pertanyaan, balanced sentence set

Icelandic plus English: language differentiation and functional categories in a successively bilingual child

This thesis investigates the formal and functional properties of the linguistic knowledge of a young bilingual child 'Katla' who successively acquires Icelandic (L1, from birth) and English (L2, from age 1:3). I present new longitudinal natural speech data which I collected in both Icelandic and English from Katla at regular intervals. Audio-recordings were made roughly three times per month at age 1 ;0-4;7 and transcribed in adapted CHILDES/CHAT format. Using a generative framework, I analyse Katla's data qualitatively and quantitatively, focusing on her morphology and syntax during the period 1;6-3;6: determiners and word order in nominals, copula constructions, progressive constructions, imperatives, negation, verb placement, verb inflections, auxiliaries, and periphrastic do. Katla's development is compared with monolingual English-speaking and Icelandic-speaking children, and, where applicable, with other bilinguals. Particular attention is paid to early grammar differentiation and cross- language influence, and to the relationship between child language and input (construction types and frequencies). The empirical results are evaluated in the light of current theories of language acquisition and generative approaches to syntax. Katla's first multi-word combinations (1;6) show productive use of functional morphology (determiners, copulas). Early on, there is evidence of movement into the DP, IP and CP domains, indicating continuity of these functional categories. Moreover, translational equivalents, language-specific functional morphemes and language-specific word orders in Katla's Icelandic and English bear evidence of early language differentiation in successive child bilingualism. The longitudinal development of morpho-syntax largely progresses along separate lines for Katla's two languages; there is no cross- language influence as regards head parameter and movement parameter settings. Some construction transfer occurs where L1 and L2 linear orders are similar. Ensuing implications for transfer and (de)learnability are addressed

Influences of Pre-Christian Mythology and Christianity on Old Norse Poetry: A Narrative Study of Vafþrúðnismál

In this study, McGillivray explores the cultural environment in which the Eddic poem Vafþrúðnismál was composed and re-examines the relationship between form and content in the poem and the respective influences of pre-Christian beliefs and Christian religion on the text. The poem has a dual aspect, acting as a poetic framework and functioning as a sacred story. It serves both as a representation of early pagan beliefs or myths and also as a myth itself, relating the journey of the Norse god Óðinn to the hall of the ancient and wise giant Vafþrúðnir, where Óðinn craftily engages his adversary in a life-or-death contest in knowledge. The dialogue continues to captivate those enthusiastic about myth and history in the present, even as it did the medieval audiences who heard it.https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/mip_nmw/1001/thumbnail.jp

Nordic Childhoods in the Digital Age

"This book adds to the international research literature on contemporary Nordic childhoods in the context of fast-evolving technologies. It draws on the workshop program of the Nordic Research Network on Digital Childhoods funded by the Joint Committee for Nordic research councils in the Humanities and Social Sciences (NOS-HS) during the years 2019–2021. Bringing together researchers from Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland, the book addresses pressing issues around children’s communication, learning and education in the digital age. The volume sheds light on cultural values, educational policies and conceptions of children and childhood, and child–media relationships inherent in Nordic societies. The book argues for the importance of understanding local cultures, values and communication practices that make up contemporary digital childhoods and extends current discourses on children’s screen time to bring in new insights about the nature of children’s digital engagement. This book will appeal to researchers, graduate students, educators and policy makers in the fields of childhood education, educational technology and communication.

Accents and folk linguistics: A grounded-theoretical analysis of Icelanders' reactions to foreigners' use of Icelandic

Iceland has long been a monolingual and monoethnic society, with the Icelandic language serving as a key element in the construction and maintenance of national identity. As numbers and percentages of first-generation, L2 speakers have risen substantially in the past three decades, foreign-accented Icelandic has only recently become perceivable throughout society. However, mechanisms underlying evaluations of L2 Icelandic are not yet known. Against this background, this dissertation seeks to investigate folk ideas about the status of Icelandic in general and L2 accents in Icelandic in particular. Such ideas are considered in light of the longstanding ideological positions on L1 Icelandic, including a stable evaluation system. Drawing on concepts and methods established by research in folk linguistics, this qualitative study involved five focus group discussions with thirty-two participants, employing a semi-structured discussion guide. L1-speaker participants discussed general ideas on the Icelandic language and language variation. They were then presented with a voice-placing task using six verbal guises that had been recorded by five L2 speakers of Icelandic and one L1 speaker, each of whom read aloud the same grammatically and stylistically sound text. Subsequently, participants elaborated on their voice-placing strategies as well as different themes connected with ideas on Icelandic, including L2 and foreign-accented speech. The results of this investigation show that mechanisms underlying evaluations of the use of L1 Icelandic are well in place, with participants resorting to deep-rooted categories when referring to assessments of good and bad language. In contrast, an evaluation system for L2 Icelandic has not yet been fully formed. Nevertheless, outcomes of this study indicate that language use of L2 speakers is less harshly judged than that of L1 speakers. In addition, results suggest that perceptions of listener effort, speaker effort, and ideas about geographic/linguistic origin of a speaker influence assessment of foreign-accented speech.Oft er litið svo á að sérstakt „málloftslag“ ríki á Íslandi sem einkennist að einsleitni í máli, tiltölulega íhaldssömum viðhorfum til þess og sterkri málstefnu. Ísland var lengi eintyngt samfélag og íslenskan er oft talin vera helsta sameiningartákn Íslendinga. Á undanförnum árum hefur innflytjendum fjölgað mikið og tala sífellt fleiri íbúar hér á landi annað mál en íslensku eða íslensku með erlendum hreim. Í ljósi þess hefur þessi ritgerð það að markmiði að kanna viðhorf innfæddra Íslendinga til stöðu íslensku og erlends hreims og skoða þá þætti sem liggja á bak við þau viðhorf. Tekið er tillit til þeirra rótgrónu hugmynda sem hafa legið til grundvallar mati á máli þeirra sem hafa íslensku að móðurmáli og hafa myndað stöðugt matskerfi. Rannsókn þessi er framkvæmd með eigindlegum aðferðum og nýtir sér hugtök og aðferðir alþýðumálfræði (e. folk linguistics). Skipulögð voru fimm rýnihópaviðtöl með þrjátíu og tveimur þátttakendum þar sem stuðst var við hálfstaðlaðan spurningalista. Auk almennrar umræðu um afstöðu til íslensku og breytileika í íslensku voru sex upptökur spilaðar fyrir þátttakendurna og þeir beðnir um að meta þær. Í upptökunum voru fimm einstaklingar með íslensku sem annað mál og einn móðurmálshafi fengnir til að lesa upp sama textann, sem var stuttur og málfræðilega tækur. Auk viðtalanna var heimskort lagt fyrir þátttakendurna og þeir látnir merkja það svæði sem þeir héldu að viðkomandi væri frá. Þátttakendurnir gerðu svo ítarlega grein fyrir ákvörðunum sínum og ræddu mismunandi þemu tengd hugmyndum um íslensku, innfædda og talaða með hreim. Niðurstöður rannsóknarinnar hafa leitt í ljós að kerfið sem liggur til grundvallar mati á íslensku innfæddra byggist á því að þátttakendur grípa til rótgróinna hugmynda um gott og miður gott mál. Á hinn bóginn benda niðurstöður þessarar rannsóknar til þess að ekki hafi (enn) mótast matskerfi fyrir íslensku sem annað mál, þ.m.t. íslensku með erlendum hreim. Engu að síður gefa niðurstöðurnar til kynna að málnotkun innfæddra Íslendinga sé metin harkalegar en íslenska þeirra sem hafa hana sem annað mál. Þar að auki benda niðurstöðurnar til að skynjun tiltekinna þátta á borð við skynjaðan skiljanleika (e. listener effort), viðleitni talandans og hugmyndir um uppruna talandans hafi áhrif á mat á erlendum hreim.This study was supported by the Icelandic Research Fund, grant no. 152145-051, The University of Iceland Research Fund and Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes

\u27Black Atlantic\u27 Cultural Politics as Reflected in Panamanian Literature

The diaspora experience is characterized by hybridity, diversity and above all, difference. The nature of the diaspora experience therefore precludes an exclusive articulation of identity. Black identity in Panama is one characterized by this same multiplicity. My dissertation examines race, culture, and ethnicity in the development of Panamanian national identity and is informed by the critical theories of Paul Gilroy, Stuart Hall, and Frantz Fanon. The articulation of Afro-Panamanian identity is both intriguing and complex because there are two groups of blacks on the Isthmus: Spanish speaking blacks who arrived as a result of slavery (15th -18th centuries) and English speaking blacks who migrated from the West Indies to construct the Trans-isthmian Railroad (1850-1855) and Panama Canal (1904-1914). The country’s cultural and linguistic heterogeneity not only enriches the study of Panama and illustrates that it is a nation characterized by multiplicity, but it also captures the complexity of the African Diaspora in the Americas. This plurality is evidenced in Afro-Panamanian literary discourse from its inception in the late nineteenth century to the present. This study analyzes the representation of Afro-Hispanics and Afro-Antilleans during different time periods in Panamanian literature, the literature written by Afro-Hispanics, and the literature written by Afro-Antilleans which emerged during the latter half of the twentieth century. Finally, I address how the discourse of both groups of blacks converge and diverge. Panamanian literature has been grossly understudied. While its history, geography, and political ties to the United States have been examined extensively by intellectuals from the United States and Latin America, with the exception of a few studies, its literature has been virtually ignored by the Hispanic literary canon. Within the field of Afro-Hispanic literature, black Panamanian literature has also been understudied. With the exception of works published about Gaspar Octavio Hernández, Carlos Guillermo Wilson, and Gerardo Maloney, Afro-Panamanian literature has not been examined comprehensively. My dissertation seeks to fill this void in the field of Afro-Hispanic literature and, hopefully, it will enrich the field of Latin and Central American literature and literary criticism

Comparison of the failure rate in the english subject and the causes for these failures among students of the 11th grade (5th year) of the commerce, letters and science tracts of the Instituto Urraca. A study conducted in Santiago, Veraguas province.

The following are general objectives of the research: 1. Provide concrete data on the failure rates in the English subject in the Instituto Urraca high school. 2. Compare the failure rates of the three programs for English language instruction of the science, letters and commerce tracts as implemented in the Instituto Urracá. 3. Provide teacher based data, including preferred instructional methods and techniques, professional preparation and attitude towards teaching and towards students for each of the teachers who are teaching 59' level students in the Instituto Urracá during the academic year 2001

John Miles Foley's World of Oralities

This collection brings together newly commissioned and cutting-edge essays on oral text and tradition ranging from the ancient and medieval world to the present day by a leading group of European and North American oral theorists. Using a range of materials including the Bible, Greek epic, Beowulf, Old Norse and Old English riddles, and medieval music, the contributors collectively work to refine, challenge, and further advance contemporary Oral Theory, an interdisciplinary school of thought heavily influenced by John Miles Foley, whose work provides the jumping-off point for this volume. The book includes a useful introduction to the history of oral theory and Foley’s ground-breaking and influential work