Web-Based Flood Hazard Monitoring

Flood is a natural disaster. It occurs in several cities in Indonesia. Floods caused by rivers that overflowed and then flooded residential areas. It comes mostly unexpectedly without early warning. It causes many losses, especially the loss of material, and health threats to surrounding communities. The advance of network technology can reduce the adverse effects of flooding by providing warning alarms and water level monitoring system in real-time that can be accessed via the web. Based on the problem, a monitoring system was designed to monitor water levels via a web that work in real time for 24 hours, and store water level data into the database. The use of this website requires an internet connection, so that internet services must be available

Greenland-wide inventory of ice marginal lakes using a multi-method approach.

Ice marginal lakes are a dynamic component of terrestrial meltwater storage at the margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Despite their significance to the sea level budget, local flood hazards and bigeochemical fluxes, there is a lack of Greenland-wide research into ice marginal lakes. Here, a detailed multi-sensor inventory of Greenland's ice marginal lakes is presented based on three well-established detection methods to form a unified remote sensing approach. The inventory consists of 3347 ([Formula: see text]%) ice marginal lakes ([Formula: see text]) detected for the year 2017. The greatest proportion of lakes lie around Greenland's ice caps and mountain glaciers, and the southwest margin of the ice sheet. Through comparison to previous studies, a [Formula: see text]% increase in lake frequency is evident over the west margin of the ice sheet since 1985. This suggests it is becoming increasingly important to include ice marginal lakes in future sea level projections, where these lakes will form a dynamic storage of meltwater that can influence outlet glacier dynamics. Comparison to existing global glacial lake inventories demonstrate that up to 56% of ice marginal lakes could be unaccounted for in global estimates of ice marginal lake change, likely due to the reliance on a single lake detection method

Airborne Hyperspectral Imaging of Lakes

In a time of rising concern about climate change and pollution, the water quality of large lakes acts as an indicator of the health of the environment. To study the water quality at a large scale - up to several hundreds of kilometres - hyperspectral remote sensing is emerging as the main solution. Indeed, different quantities relevant to water quality, like turbidity or concentratrion in chlorophyll-a, can be measured using the spectral reflectance of the water column. Additionally, airborne and spaceborne sensors can cover large areas, thus allowing to study the water at a much larger scale than when simply taking water samples at specific points. Airborne hyperspectral imaging, in particular, offers an acceptable ground resolution - around a metre - which allows to map relevant quantities precisely. However, few existing projects deliver maps that have both a sufficient ground resolution and a large coverage. Furthermore, most existing sensors do not offer a fine spectral resolution, which is for instance crucial when studying the presence of chlorophyll-a, which can only be detected in a narrow range of the electromagnetic spectrum. This thesis presents our work with a hyperspectral sensor developed and used by the Geodetic Engineering Laboratory of EPFL in the Léman-Baïkal project, a cooperative work which aimed at studying both Lake Geneva (Switzerland) and Lake Baikal (Russia). The project included ultralight plane flights with an onboard pushbroom scanner, which allowed to collect data over large areas with a fine spectral resolution. Alongside the use of this sensor came problematics which are at the centre of this thesis: the georeferencing of the scan lines, their radiometric calibration, their analysis and the softwaremanagement of this data. In the following, we present a new method to georeference pushbroom scan lines that uses co-acquired frame images to perform coregistration and to achieve a georeferencing, which RMSE is up to 20 times smaller than the direct one. We propose an efficient radiometric self-calibration method to convert the sensor output to water-leaving reflectance; this method makes use of the visible peaks of atmospheric absorption to align the spectral bands with those of a reference acquisition, and uses the near infrared properties of deep water and vegetation to performabsolute calibration. The last part of the processing - the software management, including data compression - was solved by developing a software called HYPerspectral Orthorectification Software (HypOS). This software is the synthesis of our work, including the tools to performgeometric correction, radiometric calibration and data compression of our hyperspectral data. Two examples of applications are given: the first one deals with mapping chlorophyll-a in the Rhone Delta of Lake Geneva; the second, at a larger scale, uses satellite data to monitor ice coverage over large lakes like Onega or Ladoga (Russia)

Using a new generation of remote sensing to monitor Peru’s mountain glaciers

Remote sensing technologies are integral to monitoring mountain glaciers in a warming world. Tropical glaciers, of which around 70% are located in Peru, are particularly at risk as a result of climate warming. Satellite missions and field-based platforms have transformed understanding of the processes driving mountain glacier dynamics and the associated emergence of hazards (e.g. avalanches, floods, landslides), yet are seldom specialised to overcome the unique challenges of acquiring data in mountainous environments. A ‘new generation’ of remote sensing, marked by open access to powerful cloud computing and large datasets, high resolution satellite missions, and low-cost science-grade field sensors, looks to revolutionise the way we monitor the mountain cryosphere. In this thesis, three novel remote sensing techniques and their applicability towards monitoring the glaciers of the Peruvian Cordillera Vilcanota are examined. Using novel processing chains and image archives generated by the ASTER satellite, the first mass balance estimate of the Cordillera Vilcanota is calculated (-0.48 ± 0.07 m w.e. yr-1) and ELA change of up to 32.8 m per decade in the neighbouring Cordillera Vilcabamba is quantified. The performance of new satellite altimetry missions, Sentinel-3 and ICESat-2, are assessed, with the tracking mode of Sentinel-3 being a key limitation of the potential for its use over mountain environments. Although currently limited in its ability to extract widespread mass balance measurements over mountain glaciers, other applications for ICESat-2 in long-term monitoring of mountain glaciers include quantifying surface elevation change, identifying large accumulation events, and monitoring lake bathymetry. Finally, a novel low-cost method of performing timelapse photogrammetry using Raspberry Pi camera sensors is created and compared to 3D models generated by a UAV. Mean difference between the Raspberry Pi and UAV sensors is 0.31 ± 0.74 m, giving promise to the use of these sensors for long-term monitoring of recession and short-term warning of hazards at glacier calving fronts. Together, this ‘new generation’ of remote sensing looks to provide new glaciological insights and opportunities for regular monitoring of data-scarce mountainous regions. The techniques discussed in this thesis could benefit communities and societal programmes in rapidly deglaciating environments, including across the Cordillera Vilcanota

The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment

This open access volume is the first comprehensive assessment of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region. It comprises important scientific research on the social, economic, and environmental pillars of sustainable mountain development and will serve as a basis for evidence-based decision-making to safeguard the environment and advance people’s well-being. The compiled content is based on the collective knowledge of over 300 leading researchers, experts and policymakers, brought together by the Hindu Kush Himalayan Monitoring and Assessment Programme (HIMAP) under the coordination of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). This assessment was conducted between 2013 and 2017 as the first of a series of monitoring and assessment reports, under the guidance of the HIMAP Steering Committee: Eklabya Sharma (ICIMOD), Atiq Raman (Bangladesh), Yuba Raj Khatiwada (Nepal), Linxiu Zhang (China), Surendra Pratap Singh (India), Tandong Yao (China) and David Molden (ICIMOD and Chair of the HIMAP SC). This First HKH Assessment Report consists of 16 chapters, which comprehensively assess the current state of knowledge of the HKH region, increase the understanding of various drivers of change and their impacts, address critical data gaps and develop a set of evidence-based and actionable policy solutions and recommendations. These are linked to nine mountain priorities for the mountains and people of the HKH consistent with the Sustainable Development Goals. This book is a must-read for policy makers, academics and students interested in this important region and an essentially important resource for contributors to global assessments such as the IPCC reports. ; Constitutes the first comprehensive assessment of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region, providing an authoritative overview of the region Assembles the collective knowledge of over 300 leading researchers, practitioners, experts, and policymakers Combines the current state of knowledge of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region in one volume Offers Open Access to a set of practically oriented policy recommendation

Meeting Future Energy Needs in the Hindu Kush Himalaya

As mentioned in earlier chapters, the HKH regions form the entirety of some countries, a major part of other countries, and a small percentage of yet others. Because of this, when we speak about meeting the energy needs of the HKH region we need to be clear that we are not necessarily talking about the countries that host the HKH, but the clearly delineated mountainous regions that form the HKH within these countries. It then immediately becomes clear that energy provisioning has to be done in a mountain context characterized by low densities of population, low incomes, dispersed populations, grossly underdeveloped markets, low capabilities, and poor economies of scale. In other words, the energy policies and strategies for the HKH region have to be specific to these mountain contexts