74,414 research outputs found
A condition of cooperation. Games on network
Natural selection is often regarded as a result of severe competition. Defect seems beneficial for a single individual in many cases.However, cooperation is observed in many levels of biological systems ranging from single cells to animals, including human society. We have yet known that in unstructured populations, evolution favors defectors over cooperators. On the other hand, there have been much interest on evolutionary games^1,2^ on structured population and on graphs^3-16^. Structures of biological systems and societies of animals can be taken as networks. They discover that network structures determine results of the games. Together with the recent interest of complex networks^17,18^, many researchers investigate real network structures. Recently even economists study firms' transactions structure^19^. Seminal work^11^ derives the condition of favoring cooperation for evolutionary games on networks, that is, benefit divided by cost, _b/c_, exceeds average degree, (_k_). Although this condition has been believed so far^20^, we find the condition is _b/c_ (_k~nm~_) instead. _k~nm~_ is the mean nearest neighbor degree. Our condition enables us to compare how network structure enhances cooperation across different kinds of networks. Regular network favors most, scale free network least. On ideal scale free networks, cooperation is unfeasible. We could say that (_k_) is the degree of itself, while _k~nm~_ is that of others. One of the most interesting points in network theory is that results depend not only on itself but also on others. In evolutionary games on network, we find the same characteristic
Evolutionary dynamics on any population structure
Evolution occurs in populations of reproducing individuals. The structure of
a biological population affects which traits evolve. Understanding evolutionary
game dynamics in structured populations is difficult. Precise results have been
absent for a long time, but have recently emerged for special structures where
all individuals have the same number of neighbors. But the problem of
determining which trait is favored by selection in the natural case where the
number of neighbors can vary, has remained open. For arbitrary selection
intensity, the problem is in a computational complexity class which suggests
there is no efficient algorithm. Whether there exists a simple solution for
weak selection was unanswered. Here we provide, surprisingly, a general formula
for weak selection that applies to any graph or social network. Our method uses
coalescent theory and relies on calculating the meeting times of random walks.
We can now evaluate large numbers of diverse and heterogeneous population
structures for their propensity to favor cooperation. We can also study how
small changes in population structure---graph surgery---affect evolutionary
outcomes. We find that cooperation flourishes most in societies that are based
on strong pairwise ties.Comment: 68 pages, 10 figure
Upstream reciprocity in heterogeneous networks
Many mechanisms for the emergence and maintenance of altruistic behavior in
social dilemma situations have been proposed. Indirect reciprocity is one such
mechanism, where other-regarding actions of a player are eventually rewarded by
other players with whom the original player has not interacted. The upstream
reciprocity (also called generalized indirect reciprocity) is a type of
indirect reciprocity and represents the concept that those helped by somebody
will help other unspecified players. In spite of the evidence for the
enhancement of helping behavior by upstream reciprocity in rats and humans,
theoretical support for this mechanism is not strong. In the present study, we
numerically investigate upstream reciprocity in heterogeneous contact networks,
in which the players generally have different number of neighbors. We show that
heterogeneous networks considerably enhance cooperation in a game of upstream
reciprocity. In heterogeneous networks, the most generous strategy, by which a
player helps a neighbor on being helped and in addition initiates helping
behavior, first occupies hubs in a network and then disseminates to other
players. The scenario to achieve enhanced altruism resembles that seen in the
case of the Prisoner's Dilemma game in heterogeneous networks.Comment: 10 figures, Journal of Theoretical Biology, in press (2010
Evolutionary consequences of behavioral diversity
Iterated games provide a framework to describe social interactions among
groups of individuals. Recent work stimulated by the discovery of
"zero-determinant" strategies has rapidly expanded our ability to analyze such
interactions. This body of work has primarily focused on games in which players
face a simple binary choice, to "cooperate" or "defect". Real individuals,
however, often exhibit behavioral diversity, varying their input to a social
interaction both qualitatively and quantitatively. Here we explore how access
to a greater diversity of behavioral choices impacts the evolution of social
dynamics in finite populations. We show that, in public goods games, some
two-choice strategies can nonetheless resist invasion by all possible
multi-choice invaders, even while engaging in relatively little punishment. We
also show that access to greater behavioral choice results in more "rugged "
fitness landscapes, with populations able to stabilize cooperation at multiple
levels of investment, such that choice facilitates cooperation when returns on
investments are low, but hinders cooperation when returns on investments are
high. Finally, we analyze iterated rock-paper-scissors games, whose
non-transitive payoff structure means unilateral control is difficult and
zero-determinant strategies do not exist in general. Despite this, we find that
a large portion of multi-choice strategies can invade and resist invasion by
strategies that lack behavioral diversity -- so that even well-mixed
populations will tend to evolve behavioral diversity.Comment: 26 pages, 4 figure
Graph Transformations and Game Theory: A Generative Mechanism for Network Formation
Many systems can be described in terms of networks with characteristic structural properties. To better understand the formation and the dynamics of complex networks one can develop generative models. We propose here a generative model (named dynamic spatial game) that combines graph transformations and game theory. The idea is that a complex network is obtained by a sequence of node-based transformations determined by the interactions of nodes present in the network. We model the node-based transformations by using graph grammars and the interactions between the nodes by using game theory. We illustrate dynamic spatial games on a couple of examples: the role of cooperation in tissue formation and tumor development and the emergence of patterns during the formation of ecological networks
Social Network Reciprocity as a Phase Transition in Evolutionary Cooperation
In Evolutionary Dynamics the understanding of cooperative phenomena in
natural and social systems has been the subject of intense research during
decades. We focus attention here on the so-called "Lattice Reciprocity"
mechanisms that enhance evolutionary survival of the cooperative phenotype in
the Prisoner's Dilemma game when the population of darwinian replicators
interact through a fixed network of social contacts. Exact results on a "Dipole
Model" are presented, along with a mean-field analysis as well as results from
extensive numerical Monte Carlo simulations. The theoretical framework used is
that of standard Statistical Mechanics of macroscopic systems, but with no
energy considerations. We illustrate the power of this perspective on social
modeling, by consistently interpreting the onset of lattice reciprocity as a
thermodynamical phase transition that, moreover, cannot be captured by a purely
mean-field approach.Comment: 10 pages. APS styl
Participation costs dismiss the advantage of heterogeneous networks in evolution of cooperation
Real social interactions occur on networks in which each individual is
connected to some, but not all, of others. In social dilemma games with a fixed
population size, heterogeneity in the number of contacts per player is known to
promote evolution of cooperation. Under a common assumption of positively
biased payoff structure, well-connected players earn much by playing
frequently, and cooperation once adopted by well-connected players is
unbeatable and spreads to others. However, maintaining a social contact can be
costly, which would prevent local payoffs from being positively biased. In
replicator-type evolutionary dynamics, it is shown that even a relatively small
participation cost extinguishes the merit of heterogeneous networks in terms of
cooperation. In this situation, more connected players earn less so that they
are no longer spreaders of cooperation. Instead, those with fewer contacts win
and guide the evolution. The participation cost, or the baseline payoff, is
irrelevant in homogeneous populations but is essential for evolutionary games
on heterogeneous networks.Comment: 4 figures + 3 supplementary figure
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