6G Enabled Smart Infrastructure for Sustainable Society: Opportunities, Challenges, and Research Roadmap

The 5G wireless communication network is currently faced with the challenge of limited data speed exacerbated by the proliferation of billions of data-intensive applications. To address this problem, researchers are developing cutting-edge technologies for the envisioned 6G wireless communication standards to satisfy the escalating wireless services demands. Though some of the candidate technologies in the 5G standards will apply to 6G wireless networks, key disruptive technologies that will guarantee the desired quality of physical experience to achieve ubiquitous wireless connectivity are expected in 6G. This article first provides a foundational background on the evolution of different wireless communication standards to have a proper insight into the vision and requirements of 6G. Second, we provide a panoramic view of the enabling technologies proposed to facilitate 6G and introduce emerging 6G applications such as multi-sensory–extended reality, digital replica, and more. Next, the technology-driven challenges, social, psychological, health and commercialization issues posed to actualizing 6G, and the probable solutions to tackle these challenges are discussed extensively. Additionally, we present new use cases of the 6G technology in agriculture, education, media and entertainment, logistics and transportation, and tourism. Furthermore, we discuss the multi-faceted communication capabilities of 6G that will contribute significantly to global sustainability and how 6G will bring about a dramatic change in the business arena. Finally, we highlight the research trends, open research issues, and key take-away lessons for future research exploration in 6G wireless communicatio

The Digital Signature: Your Identity by the Numbers

Electronic commerce is the future of business. Today electronic commerce is a $3.6 billion industry. Thousands of businesses use the Internet to buy and sell their wares. As individuals and businesses increasingly use the Internet for commerce, contracts are moving online too. Because electronic commerce is conducted online, it is infeasible to make contracts through the traditional paper method. An electronic contract can be sent halfway across the world in seconds; whereas the same contract on paper would take days or weeks

Apple Pay, Bitcoin, and Consumers: The ABCs of Future Public Payments Law

As technology rolls out ongoing and competing streams of payments innovation, exemplified by Apple Pay (mobile payments) and Bitcoin (cryptocurrency), the law governing these payments appears hopelessly behind the curve. The patchwork of state, federal, and private legal rules seems more worthy of condemnation than emulation. This Article argues, however, that the legal and market developments of the last several decades in payment systems provide compelling evidence of the most realistic and socially beneficial future for payments law. The paradigm of a comprehensive public law regulatory scheme for payment systems, exemplified by Articles 3 and 4 of the Uniform Commercial Code, has faded in relevance, while federal law has grown in a specialized consumer protection role. Meanwhile, private contract law has expanded to fill gaps where payment technology has exceeded the scope of public law. The evidence of the successes and failures of payments law in the face of rapid technological development shows that the field is not best governed by comprehensive public regulation on the Uniform Commercial Code model, but that public law still has an important, albeit narrower, role for the future. The most beneficial paradigm for governance of payment systems is a division between (1) private law handling systemic matters of operation, and (2) public law focused on protecting payment system end-users from oppression, fraud, and mistake. This demarcation of lawmaking responsibilities has the greatest track record of success and is the most capable of dealing with a foreseeable future of unforeseeable innovations

Chapter References

The sequencing of the entire human genome has opened up unprecedented possibilities for healthcare, but also ethical and social dilemmas about how these can be achieved, particularly in developing countries. UNESCO's Bioethics Programme was established to address such issues in 1993. Since then, it has adopted three declarations on human genetics and bioethics (1997, 2003 and 2005), set up numerous training programmes around the world and debated the need for an international convention on human reproductive cloning. Negotiating Bioethics presents Langlois' research on the negotiation and implementation of the three declarations and the human cloning debate, based on fieldwork carried out in Kenya, South Africa, France and the UK, among policy-makers, geneticists, ethicists, civil society representatives and industry professionals. The book examines whether the UNESCO Bioethics Programme is an effective forum for (a) decision-making on bioethics issues and (b) ensuring ethical practice. Considering two different aspects of the UNESCO Bioethics Programme - deliberation and implementation - at international and national levels, Langlois explores: - how relations between developed and developing countries can be made more equal - who should be involved in global level decision-making and how this should proceed - how overlap between initiatives can be avoided - what can be done to improve the implementation of international norms by sovereign states - how far universal norms can be contextualized - what impact the efficacy of national level governance has at international level Drawing on extensive empirical research, Negotiating Bioethics presents a truly global perspective on bioethic

Choices or Constraints? Applying the Kaleidoscope Career Model to the Careers of Female Doctors in China

This thesis sheds light on the career experiences of female medical professionals in China. The study of women’s careers has received increasing attention with an increasing emphasis on the rights and status of women in China, women’s employment and career development have broken through the traditional shackles of inherently sexist and biased values. Women have more equal opportunities at work and have entered multiple specialized occupations. In particular, improvements in specialist medical departments and the development of medicine in China have given women more opportunities to enter the traditionally male-dominated medical professions. Using the Kaleidoscope Career Model (KCM) as a theoretical framework, I undertook semi-structured interviews with 23 participants (16 female doctors and seven female nurses) working in a private hospital in Shanghai. The interviews explored their medical careers to date, and starting from their decision to study medicine. Analysis of the interview transcripts identified three key areas of discussion common to all interviews – occupational choices and ongoing career choices, organizational problems/pressures, and family issues/work-life balance. The thesis focuses on three research questions: how do female doctors make decisions about their occupational choices and ongoing career choices; what organizational barriers or problems constrain their medical career advancement; and how do family issues and work responsibilities interact to affect their medical career development? Given that the participants of this research were highly educated women in China who are working in a prestigious profession, the apparent lack of agency in their accounts is striking. Kaleidoscope Career Model offers an essential theoretical framework for this thesis to explore the interviewed Chinese female medical professionals’ authenticity, balance, and their need to be challenged in making choices about their work and family. Also, this thesis offers the possible ways that how do Chinese hospitals make efforts to attract and maintain talent female professionals through supporting their authenticity, balance and challenge needs towards medical work? The limitation of this research and future agenda also provided in the thesis

Prospects of using cryptocurrencies in the context of global financial market development

Магістерська робота присвячена дослідженню блокчейну на прикладі криптовалют. В роботі проаналізовано та порівняно підходи до регулювання первинного випуску монет (ICO) та криптовалют в розрізі країн світу. Проаналізовано сприйняття фінансового ринку та грошово-кредитної системи такого явища як криптовалюти. Досліджено обмеження технології блокчейн, які сповільнюють розвиток криптовалютного ринку. Надано рекомендації розробникам криптовалют та систем, побудованих на блокчейні на основі проаналізованих проблем.The master’s thesis focuses on research of poorly investigated issues in blockchain on the example of cryptocurrencies. Regulation approaches on ICO and cryptocurrencies turnover are also discovered. The issue of cryptocurrencies is researched through the current attitude to cryptocurrencies by financial market and monetary system. The issues of blockchain that limiting development of cryptocurrencies market are discovered. Research also provides implications on the investigated topics for cryptocurrencies and blockchain developers

Portraits of children in Québec art 1800-1860

Ce mémoire a pour objet l'étude d'un corpus de portraits d'enfants peints au Québec entre 1800 et 1860. Nous présentons d'abord un aperçu général du thème de 1'enfance tel qu'il s'est manifesté dans la peinture européenne et américaine dès le XVIe siècle. Cet aperçu est suivi d'une synthèse du contexte historique et artistique au sein duquel le portrait bourgeois s'est développé au Québec avec un examen de quelques-uns des premiers portraits d'enfants connus au Québec. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons procédé à une étude stylistique et comparative du corpus à partir des différentes compositions que les artistes ont employées pour représenter l'enfant. Le corpus est divisé en deux catégories: les portraits de l'enfant en buste et ceux où l'enfant est représenté à 1'intérieur d'un groupe. Des comparaisons avec des portraits américains ont permis de dégager différentes similitudes mais aussi quelques éléments spécifiques propres au portrait d'enfant au Québec.The object of this thesis is the study of a corpus of portraits of children painted in Quebec between 1800 and 1860. After introducing the theme of childhood in European and American painting since the sixteenth century, we go on in the first part to examine the historical and artistic context in which the bourgeois portrait developed in Quebec as well as some of the earliest known portraits of children in Quebec. In the second part, we have undertaken a stylistic and comparative study of the corpus, using as our starting point the compositional arrangements employed by the artists to represent children. This led us to divide the corpus into two main categories : bust-length portraits of the child and group portraits. Comparison with American portraits has permitted us to identify compositional similarities as well as characteristic elements that constitute what is specific to portraits of children in Quebec.Montréal Trigonix inc. 201

Private Telegraphy: The Path from Private Wires to Subscriber Lines in Victorian Britain

In this thesis, I investigate private telegraphy from its rise in the late 1830s to the advent of exchange telephony in the early 1880s. In contrast to public telegraphy where telegrams were transmitted over a shared network infrastructure, private telegraphy was a direct, more immediate form of user-to-user communication delivered over private wires. My objective is to redress a historiographical distortion in the understanding of the Victorian telegraph created by the conflation of the concept of telegraph with telegram, and by the prominence given to the nationalisation of the telegraph industry in 1870 in the discourse of historians like Jeffrey Kieve or Charles Perry, thus obscuring the critical role played by private telegraphy in the history of communication. To begin with, I expose the dichotomy between public and private telegraphy by demonstrating the similarities and rivalry between telegrams and letters. I contend that this rivalry was an important factor behind the nationalisation. The extent to which private telegraphy was distinct from public telegraphy is demonstrated through a comprehensive history of private wires and the first domestic telegraph instruments. I track the development of private wires, from their inception at the hands of users of the telegraph to their assimilation by telephony, and show their versatility for diverse uses. I also reveal how telegraphic intercommunication systems – the so-called Umschalters – were reconfigured to become the Post Office’s first generation of telephone exchanges in the early 1880s. From this novel perspective, I counter the received scholarly view that the Post Office obstructed the expansion of telephony to protect the Crown’s stake in telegraphy. I claim instead that the Post Office exploited the installed base of Umschalters and private wires, by then referred to as subscriber lines, to become an active participant in the nascent telephone industry alongside the private companies, thus accelerating the take-up of exchange telephony