The Scientific Shortcomings of Roper v. Simmons

This Article contends that some of the case law and social science research that form the basis for the United States Supreme Court\u27s decision in Roper v. Simmons are insufficient and outdated. The Court also relies heavily upon briefs submitted by the respondent and his amici, in lieu of providing more pertinent citations and analysis that could have enhanced and modernized the Court\u27s arguments. The sparse and sometimes archaic sources for Roper potentially limit the opinion\u27s precedential value. For example, the Court cites Erik Erikson\u27s 1968 book, Identity: Youth and Crisis, to support the view that, relative to adults, juveniles have more undeveloped and unstable identities. While Erikson\u27s influence as a psychologist is indisputable, his work reflects an outmoded psychoanalytic perspective. Furthermore, the Court does not specify which of Erikson\u27s highly complex theories are relevant to Roper\u27s conclusions. The shortcomings of Erikson\u27s book and other sources cited in the opinion would be less apparent but for the Court\u27s overall dearth of social science support. This Article concludes that despite Roper\u27s correct result, the Court\u27s application of interdisciplinary studies was, in part, flawed, thereby detracting from the Court\u27s otherwise progressive direction. Ultimately, the opinion\u27s strength derives more from its traditional legal analysis than from its application of relevant social science, an outcome the Court may not have fully intended

Aspects of social identity, self concept, self esteem, self functioning and gender aspects (part 4)

Formation of self concept begins in childhood and it continues throughout an individual’s life. Like Eric Erikson says in his „Eight stages of development‟, an individual goes through eight stages in his life

Erik Erikson on Negative Identity & Pseudospeciation : Extended and Particularized by Ta-Nehisi Coates

One can feel challenged in this chilling time when sundry variations of ultra-nationalism have become quite discernable in the USA, Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Africa. They have often taken the form of a rhetoric of fear and hatred toward “undesirables.” In this time of trouble in an increasingly nuclearized world, it is well to turn to Erik Erikson. His related concepts of “negative identity” and “pseudospeciation” need to be addressed more fully than they have in recent decades. Much is to be gained by both academic discussion and public debate over these two Erikson concepts. They signal elements in his “Way of Looking at Things.” More immediately, they help us address the crude and dangerous ultra-nationalisms of our time. Sensitive to the intimate relationship between the inner self and the outer social circumstances, Erikson, began in the mid and late 1940s to shape his most central concept - identity formation. It is well to refresh ourselves on the qualities he assigned to identity, for without that recall, one can hardly come to grips with his concepts of “universal Specieshood” and “pseudospeciation”, both of which emerged from it. In Childhood and Society [1], perhaps his most innovative book, Erikson displayed a marked cross-cultural perspective, comparing psychological development in several countries and cultures. While “officially” pledging fealty to Freudian psychoanalysis, Erikson was more attentive than Freud had been to ways the social circumstances of a society impacted the inner psyches of its members. Most importantly, Childhood and Society introduced the concept of an eight-stage human life cycle that was anchored in a struggle to garner and sustain personal identity. There is profit in recognizing here that Erikson’s concept of identity was initially formulated more than three decades before in his still unpublished “Manuscript von Erik.” It is the story of his Wanderschaft amidst a troubled adolescence. Identity was characterized in this narrative as a personal sense of sameness and historical continuity through which life seemed to cohere1. The “Manuscript” captured young Erik’s thoughts and tensions at the time. Identity was cast within what later came to be called the stages of the human life cycle. Indeed, it became central to these stages. The life cycle involved a person moving toward and sustaining a viable sense of identity. Long before he had even heard of Freud, the “Manuscript von Erik” essentially represented the beginning of an intellectual process that left us with Childhood and Society. The initial “Manuscript” centered on a tension between one’s inner subconscious drives and the needs of society, and this became the essence of his premier book. It is no service to scholarship that “Manuscript von Erik” has never been published and made readily available to scholars. Each of the eight stages in Erikson’s delineation of the human life cycle is to be construed as a polarity-a positive and hopeful disposition counterpointed by a pole that reduced the vibrancy of everyday existence. The first stage underscored the pole of trust that (hopefully) overshadowed the opposite pole mistrust [2]. The next stage, infancy, featured the polarity of autonomy on the one hand and shame on the other. There followed “initiative” vs. “guilt”, “industry over a sense of inferiority, the all-important quality of “identity” over “role diffusion” during adolescence, “intimacy” rather than “isolation” in young adulthood, “generativity” over “self-absorption” during midlife, and finally a sense of “integrity” over “despair” in old age. [Introduction]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Análisis de algunas teorías de la formación aplicadas al concepto de generatividad

We found exciting to study how generativity has evolved since Erikson (1950) outside the Psychology and Sociology disciplines, and had permeated into the fields of Ecology, Grammar and Syntax, and Information and Communication Technology (ICT), without losing part of the essence of the genuine meaning given by Erikson back then, about the generative task and generativity as a construct. I wanted to investigate this further, and my findings turned out to be very interesting. In this paper I perform a basic analysis of some training theories applied to the generativity concept as a task and a construct since Erikson (1950), in the field of Psychology and Sociology, Grammar and Syntax, Ecology, Information and Communication Technology (ICT).Nos pareció apasionante estudiar cómo la generatividad había evolucionado desde Erikson (1950) fuera de las disciplinas de la Psicología y la Sociología, y había calado en los campos de la Ecología, la Gramática y la Sintaxis, y las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC), sin perder parte de la esencia del sentido genuino que Erikson le dio entonces, sobre la tarea generativa y la generatividad como constructo. Quise investigar más sobre esto, y mis hallazgos resultaron ser muy interesantes En este trabajo realizo un análisis básico de algunas teorías de la formación aplicadas al concepto de generatividad como tarea y como constructo desde Erikson (1950), en el ámbito de la Psicología y la Sociología, la Gramática y la Sintaxis, la Ecología y las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC)

Segmentation and classification of individual tree crowns

By segmentation and classification of individual tree crowns in high spatial resolution aerial images, information about the forest can be automatically extracted. Segmentation is about finding the individual tree crowns and giving each of them a unique label. Classification, on the other hand, is about recognising the species of the tree. The information of each individual tree in the forest increases the knowledge about the forest which can be useful for managements, biodiversity assessment, etc. Different algorithms for segmenting individual tree crowns are presented and also compared to each other in order to find their strengths and weaknesses. All segmentation algorithms developed in this thesis focus on preserving the shape of the tree crown. Regions, representing the segmented tree crowns, grow according to certain rules from seed points. One method starts from many regions for each tree crown and searches for the region that fits the tree crown best. The other methods start from a set of seed points, representing the locations of the tree crowns, to create the regions. The segmentation result varies from 73 to 95 % correctly segmented visual tree crowns depending on the type of forest and the method. The former value is for a naturally generated mixed forest and the latter for a non-mixed forest. The classification method presented uses shape information of the segments and colour information of the corresponding tree crown in order to decide the species. The classification method classifies 77 % of the visual trees correctly in a naturally generated mixed forest, but on a forest stand level the classification is over 90 %

A critical view of Kai Erikson\u27s Everything In Its Path: the current state of Appalachian studies

This thesis is a critical response to Kai Erikson’s depiction of Appalachian culture in his book, Everything In Its Path. I also survey associated writers such as Jack Weller and others. Erikson’s traditional “Culture of Poverty” model frames the research questions by “blaming the victim”. Everything In Its Path is written in a vacuum, without historical continuity. The questions that Erikson (following Welier) employs in his research methodology are poor cause and effect description in which Erikson blames the Appalachian culture for its societal differences. Erikson glosses over the social dynamics and socio-economic history of the Appalachian region. Furthermore, the culture of poverty model does not account for geopolitical factors. The colonial approach addresses the structural factors; however, world systems analysis expands on the colonial model by placing geopolitical factors within a historical continuum. Erikson, Weller and associated writers paint the picture that the Appalachian culture could not adapt to their versions of modern American culture

Inter-Rater Reliability: A Question of Measurement in Social Science Research

Erik Erikson (1968) set forth the framework for the conceptualization and adolescent identity formation in the late 1960\u27s. The assessment of identity invokes a subjective measurement of a youth\u27s process and current standing regarding sociopsychological development. According to Adams (1987) throughout Erikson\u27s writings a conscious sense of individual identity, a process of ego synthesis and formation of sense of social ideals and social identity are central considerations when discussing identity

Identity

The concept of identity has begun to be employed only relatively recently in economics, and accordingly still lacks a standard meaning and established set of applications in the subject. However, in its most influential initial uses by Amartya Sen (1999) and George Akerlof and Rachel Kranton (2000) it has been developed largely in terms of the concept of social identity (though in quite different ways). Social identity as understood in social psychology (see Brown, 2000), where the concept was influentially developed by Erik Erikson in connection with his idea of an identity crisis (Erikson, 1950), concerns individuals’ ‘identification with’ social groups of which they are members. There are different ways of understanding the idea of ‘identification with,’ with both more psychological and sociological types of interpretations, but generally it means that individuals treat the characteristics of the social group with which they identify as their own individual characteristics, for example, as when people think of themselves as individuals having a certain nationality, gender, or religion. Akerlof and Kranton, then, adopt this sort of understanding when they rewrite the standard utility function representation of the individual to include a vector of self-images which people are said to have in virtue of their having corresponding characteristics associated with certain social groups. Sen employs the same idea that social group characteristics and social identities are applied to individuals and influence how they think of themselves, but in contrast he also argues that individuals deliberate over whether to embrace these assignments