Climate Change and the Health Sector

The health sector is known to be one of the major contributors towards the greenhouse gas emissions causing the climate crisis, the greatest health threat of the 21st century. This volume positions the health sector as a leader in the fight against climate change and explores the role of the health system in climate policy action. It delivers an overview of the linkages between climate change and the health sector, with chapters on the impact of climate change on health, its connection to pandemics, and its effects on food, nutrition and air quality, while examining gendered and other vulnerabilities. It delves into the different operational aspects of the health sector in India and details how each one can become climate-smart to reduce the health sector’s overall carbon footprint, by looking at sustainable procurement, green and resilient healthcare infrastructure, and the management of transportation, energy, water, waste, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and plastics in healthcare. Well supplemented with rigorous case studies, the book will be indispensable for students, teachers, and researchers of environmental studies, health sciences, and climate change. It will be useful for healthcare workers, public health officials, healthcare leaders, policy planners, and those interested in climate resilience and preparedness in the healthcare sector

ALGAE TO ALKANES

Once considered infeasible and unviable, recently there has been renewed interest in the development of algae-derived transportation fuels. Currently, there are no commercialized algae to fuel ventures, and much debate is centered on the economic viability of such a process. Research conducted by NASA, among others, has expressed skepticism that terrestrially cultivated algae can ever compete with conventional fuels. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the economic feasibility of an algae-to-fuel venture that incorporates the state-of-the-art technologies available in the open literature. Our challenge is to produce 20 thousand barrels per day of n-alkane product that meets the current diesel fuel specifications. To arrive at a recommendation, separate models were built for algae cultivation, lipid extraction, and lipid processing at a scale necessary to reach this target. This analysis departs from prior studies on two major fronts. First, this analysis considers OriginOil’s new method of lipid extraction instead of conventional hexane extraction. Second, the objective of the lipid processing module is to produce n-alkanes from triglycerides, as opposed to producing FAME biodiesel. The n-alkane product from this process is comparable to petroleum-based diesel fuels. Thus it can be readily incorporated into existing energy infrastructure as a diesel blending stock or as a feedstock for other processing units in the refinery. Our economic analysis shows that an algae-to-fuel venture is profitable if the fuel is sold at $3/gallon, the current price of diesel. However, the commercialization of such a process is difficult due to the large total capital investment. At$2.2 billion, the capital investment of algae cultivation is nearly 40 times that of processing, which results in annual depreciation and fixed costs of nearly half of the revenue. Investors would be hesitant to invest such a large amount of money in an algae cultivation process where there is high uncertainty in the cost requirements. Algae-to-fuel economics can be improved by realizing higher value uses of the algae biomass. Biomass composes of over half of algae product, and their potential uses in pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and biomass power generation far surpass their value as animal feed. Proposed carbon-cap-and-trade programs may bring additional revenue. Thus, any algae-to-fuel venture should seek to optimize the value of its byproducts. Governments can support algae-to-fuel ventures by offering tax credits or mandating a market for renewable fuels, but the benefits of these measures are unclear. Additional analysis should address the uncertainties of various costs and look to reduce capital investment

Effect of Environmental and Ultraviolet Degradation on the Albedo of Polyethylene Sheet Materials for Improved Energy Harvesting by Bifacial Photovoltaic Power Plants

Solar energy farms typically utilize monofacial photovoltaic (mPV) cells in their arrays to capture direct sunlight to produce renewable energy. However, the efficiency of these farms can be increased by 2 – 6% through the implementation of bifacial photovoltaic cells (bPV). These bPV cells function by capturing incident ultraviolet (UV) light energy that is reflected off the surface to increase its overall energy production. The amount of UV energy that is reflected is dependent on the albedo value of surface, which is a measure of energy reflectance. In this study, samples of unreinforced polyethylene (PE), scrim-reinforced polyethylene (SR-PE), and woven polyethylene (W-PE) sheeting materials were tested to determine which had the highest albedo value as well as the most resistance to environmental degradation. Samples subjected to outdoor conditions were visited on a biweekly basis to measure their albedo values using an albedometer and to record any physical changes observed in the material. Samples were also placed in an accelerated weathering chamber in a laboratory which exposed the materials to continuous UV light in intervals of 20 hours. The results from testing determined that woven PE produced a 23% higher average albedo in comparison to the other candidate PE materials. Woven PE also demonstrated lower quantitative and qualitative environmental degradation. Based on these results, woven PE was concluded to be empirically superior as a ground albedo material among the materials tested in this study

Postharvest losses along the cooking banana, potato and cassava fresh value chains in Uganda

Policy makers and development practitioners are challenged by the paucity of reliable data on the extent of postharvest losses (PHL) for devising suitable policies and strategies for their reduction. This study estimates PHL at different stages of the cooking banana, potato and cassava fresh value chains in Uganda by using cross-sectional data. A distinction was made between physical losses (product disappearing from the chain) and economic losses (partially deteriorated product sold at discounted price). Our findings indicate that the non-marketed output incurs very low physical losses (apart from potatoes, primarily during harvesting and storage) and, by definition, no economic losses. Conversely, substantial losses are found along the market chain. Physical losses affect about 30% of traded potatoes, followed by bananas (21%) and cassava (3%). However, the cassava value chain is characterized by much higher economic losses (about 47% of marketed roots sold at discount due to their rapid postharvest deterioration) than in the case of bananas and potatoes (10% and 8%, respectively). Overall, out of the total marketed output, 50% of cassava, 38% of potatoes and 30% of bananas incur either physical or economic losses. However, unlike banana and cassava that are mainly subsistence crops, potato in Uganda is primarily produced for the market. This results in a proportion of total potato production incurring PHL much higher (36%) than for banana and cassava (about 12%). Nevertheless, being its annual production enormous in the country, the quantity of bananas affected by PHL is about 7 and 25 times higher than the one of cassava and potato, respectively. Banana and cassava retailers - primarily women - are the value chain actors incurring the highest losses while, for potato, wholesalers are the most affected. Our findings contribute to policy prioritization and show that a diverse set of interventions is required to tackle PHL

Best Environmental Management Practice in the Tourism Sector

The tourism sector has a large potential to reduce its environmental impacts and many measures are already effectively implemented by companies of this sector. This document describes what are the best practices employed by frontrunners in all aspects under their direct control or on which they have a considerable influence. They cover cross-cutting issues, destination management, tour operators and travel agents, water and energy consumption and waste production in accommodation, restaurant and hotel kitchens, and campsites management. The document also contains sector-specific environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence. These can be used by all the actors involved in the tourism sector to monitor their environmental performance and to benchmark it against the performance of frontrunners in each given specific area. Overall, this document aims at supporting all actors in the tourism sector who intend to improve their environmental performance and seek for reliable and proven information on how best to do it.JRC.J.5-Sustainable Production and Consumptio

Harvesting He-3 On The Moon

The world is approaching an energy crisis, and it is critical to focus on an alternate long term energy source. Given the current urge to explore space and expand humanity\u27s outreach, harvesting the energetically rich Helium-3 from the Moon\u27s surface is an ideal, yet challenging, objective which is amply motivated by current energy economic realities. He-3 can be used in a nuclear fusion reactor to generate enormous energy outputs with negligible waste. In this project, we study the scientific breakthroughs required in space and fusion technologies to successfully harvest He-3 from the Moon. Additionally, a multitude of interests expressed on a global scale in lunar He-3 are examined and assessed based on a legal space framework, and socio-economic political scenarios are developed that would result from the aforementioned space venture

Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes (supplement 299)

This bibliography lists 96 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in June, 1987

CPS Energy: Leading The Way To A Sustainable Future

As the production and distribution costs of energy continue to rise, end-consumers are increasingly realizing the impact on their pocketbook. Moreover, with these climbing monthly utility bills, the natural monopoly structure of the energy industry deserves examination to determine best-practices. The vast majority, a full 69% of utility companies in the United States are structured in the form of an investor-owned utility. The remaining 31% of energy companies are publicly-owned, either as cooperatives or as publicly-owned utilities accountable to the cities and municipalities that own them. This case study presents CPS Energy, the Nation’s largest city-owned and publicly-operated energy company, which serves the Country’s seventh largest City. CPS has provided natural gas and electric service for more than a half century to the 1.5 million Texans who call the Alamo City home. With its impressive record of reliability, customer service, financial integrity, renewable energy policies, progressive environmental policies, community relations, and, perhaps, most important to consumers, low rates, CPS is the model of what a sustainable, 21st Century energy company can be