Energy-efficient vertical handover parameters, classification and solutions over wireless heterogeneous networks: a comprehensive survey

In the last few decades, the popularity of wireless networks has been growing dramatically for both home and business networking. Nowadays, smart mobile devices equipped with various wireless networking interfaces are used to access the Internet, communicate, socialize and handle short or long-term businesses. As these devices rely on their limited batteries, energy-efficiency has become one of the major issues in both academia and industry. Due to terminal mobility, the variety of radio access technologies and the necessity of connecting to the Internet anytime and anywhere, energy-efficient handover process within the wireless heterogeneous networks has sparked remarkable attention in recent years. In this context, this paper first addresses the impact of specific information (local, network-assisted, QoS-related, user preferences, etc.) received remotely or locally on the energy efficiency as well as the impact of vertical handover phases, and methods. It presents energy-centric state-of-the-art vertical handover approaches and their impact on energy efficiency. The paper also discusses the recommendations on possible energy gains at different stages of the vertical handover process

MDSA, MULTI DECISION SCHEDULING ALGORITHM FOR UE ENERGY POWER SAVING ON MOBILE NETWORKS

Nowadays general different kind of recurrent network applications on mobile phones are like: news feed, podcast and e-mail which mostly run in the background and are a significant source of power consumption on battery limited mobile phones. Theory of scheduling such applications by prioritizing and evaluating step by step based on many conditions (or even parameters, timers) like radio network parameters, timeout values, coverage conditions or RSSI, switching between 2G and 3G on packet data, etc is our main focus on this paper. Cellular network providers typically try to control these timeout values, though some mobile devices use a technique called fast dormancy in order to reduce the time out duration which mostly results in huge power consumption for end user. The duration of this timeout, which ranges from a few seconds to ten seconds or more, is chosen to balance the cost of signaling for resource allocation to move a radio into active state (and the resulting latency and energy costs on the device) and the wasted resources due to maintaining a radio unnecessarily in active state. We also illustrate the significant energy savings that can be achieved via scheduling of recurrent mobile phone applications considering some network parameters, conditions and also user activity time (clock time) and phone battery condition as an add. These kinds of applications such as email syncing, facebook or photo uploads can defer communication, up to a point, without sacrificing service and user perception. Other applications such as on-demand streaming can prefetch content in anticipation of future need and this will not be considered for now on our study. The other very common service for mobile users is voice and by transmitting data when a call is active brings an extension on mobile phones battery life

Energy-efficient vertical handover parameters, classification and solutions over wireless heterogeneous networks: a comprehensive survey

In the last few decades, the popularity of wireless networks has been growing dramatically for both home and business networking. Nowadays, smart mobile devices equipped with various wireless networking interfaces are used to access the Internet, communicate, socialize and handle short or long-term businesses. As these devices rely on their limited batteries, energy-efficiency has become one of the major issues in both academia and industry. Due to terminal mobility, the variety of radio access technologies and the necessity of connecting to the Internet anytime and anywhere, energy-efficient handover process within the wireless heterogeneous networks has sparked remarkable attention in recent years. In this context, this paper first addresses the impact of specific information (local, network-assisted, QoS-related, user preferences, etc.) received remotely or locally on the energy efficiency as well as the impact of vertical handover phases, and methods. It presents energy-centric state-of-the-art vertical handover approaches and their impact on energy efficiency. The paper also discusses the recommendations on possible energy gains at different stages of the vertical handover process

Adaptive stochastic radio access selection scheme for cellular-WLAN heterogeneous communication systems

This study proposes a novel adaptive stochastic radio access selection scheme for mobile users in heterogeneous cellular-wireless local area network (WLAN) systems. In this scheme, a mobile user located in dual coverage area randomly selects WLAN with probability of ω when there is a need for downloading a chunk of data. The value of ω is optimised according to the status of both networks in terms of network load and signal quality of both cellular and WLAN networks. An analytical model based on continuous time Markov chain is proposed to optimise the value of ω and compute the performance of proposed scheme in terms of energy efficiency, throughput, and call blocking probability. Both analytical and simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme compared with the mainstream network selection schemes: namely, WLAN-first and load balancing

IP Flow Mobility in PMIPv6 Based Networks: Solution Design and Experimental Evaluation

The ability of offloading selected IP data traffic from 3G to WLAN access networks is considered a key feature in the upcoming 3GPP specifications, being the main goal to alleviate data congestion in cellular networks while delivering a positive user experience. Lately, the 3GPP has adopted solutions that enable mobility of IP-based wireless devices relocating mobility functions from the terminal to the network. To this end, the IETF has standardized Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), a protocol capable to hide often complex mobility procedures from the mobile devices. This paper, in line with the mentioned offload requirement, further extends PMIPv6 to support dynamic IP flow mobility management across access wireless networks according to operator policies. Considering energy consumption as a critical aspect for hand-held devices and smart-phones, we assess the feasibility of the proposed solution and provide an experimental analysis showing the cost (in terms of energy consumption) of simultaneous packet transmission/reception using multiple network interfaces. The end-to-end system design has been implemented and validated by means of an experimental network setup.European Community´s Seventh Framework ProgramPublicad

Consumo energético de algoritmos criptográficos y protocolos de seguridad en dispositivos móviles Symbian

En los últimos años, la telefonía móvil ha redenido la forma de comunicación entre las personas. Los dispositivos electrónicos, a través de los cuales se establece dicha comunicaci ón, han evolucionado vertiginosamente en potencia, rendimiento y sobre todo en nuevas funcionalidades, pero siguen estando limitados por la autonomía que les proporciona la duración de la batería. Mientras la capacidad de procesamiento se incrementa en un 200% cada 18 meses siguiendo la Ley de Moore, el rendimiento de las baterías sólo se ha visto mejorado en un 80% en los últimos 10 años [Fit07]. Esta mejora del rendimiento y la llegada de Internet a estos dispositivos ha hecho posible la comunicación a través de diferentes canales, la búsqueda de información o la posibilidad de realizar compras, todo ello de una forma segura y condencial. Dichas conexiones seguras, bien utilizando conexiones cableadas o inalámbricas, se consiguen mediante la utilización de protocolos de seguridad, basados en algoritmos criptográcos. Estos algoritmos son seleccionados basándose en los objetivos de seguridad denidos en el protocolo de seguridad a utilizar. Entre ellos se incluyen algoritmos de encriptación simétricos y asimétricos, utilizados para proporcionar autenticación y encriptación de los datos, así como algoritmos basados en funciones hash, y, de esa manera, conseguir integridad en los mensajes intercambiados. En la actualidad, el consumo energético en dispositivos móviles es una de los principales preocupaciones de los fabricantes de dispositivos móviles. De la misma manera, la seguridad en las comunicaciones se posiciona como una área muy importante en materia de investigación y desarrollo. El uso de protocolos de seguridad no sólo afecta al rendimiento de las comunicaciones, sino que también representa un fuerte impacto en el consumo energético en estos dispositivos alimentados por baterías. De este modo, uno de los desaf íos más importantes es conseguir un balance entre rendimiento, seguridad y consumo energético, con el n de obtener un buen rendimiento y niveles de seguridad adaptados al usuario con la mínima cantidad de energía. En este contexto, Nokia corporation encargó un proyecto de investigación a la Aalto University School of Science and Technology (Helsinki, Finlandia), para analizar el consumo energético de diferentes protocolos de seguridad y algoritmos criptográcos en la plataforma móvil Symbian

On Providing Energy-efficient Data Transmission to Mobile Devices

The transformation from telephony to mobile Internet has fundamentally changed the way we interact with the world by delivering ubiquitous Internet access and reasonable cost of connectivity. The mobile networks and Internet services are supportive of each other and together drive a fast development of new services and the whole ecosystem. As a result, the number of mobile subscribers has skyrocketed to a magnitude of billions, and the volume of mobile traffic has boomed up to a scale no-one has seen before with exponential growth predictions. However, the opportunities and problems are both rising. Therefore, to enable sustainable growth of the mobile Internet and continued mobile service adaption, this thesis proposes solutions to ensure that the reduction of overall environmental presence and the level of QoE are mutually addressed by providing energy-efficient data transmission to mobile devices. It is important to understand the characteristics of power consumption of mobile data transmission to find opportunities to balance the energy consumption and the growth of mobile services and the data volumes. This research started with power consumption measurements of various radio interfaces and investigations of the trade-off between computation and communication of modern mobile devices. Power consumption models, state machines and the conditions for energy-efficient mobile data transmission were proposed to guide the development of energy-saving solutions. This research has then employed the defined guideline to optimise data transmission for energy-efficient mobile web access. Proxy-based solutions are presented in this thesis, utilising several strategies: bundling-enabled traffic shaping to optimise TCP behaviour over congested wireless links and keep the radio interface in low power consumption states as much as possible, offloading HTTP-object fetching to shorten the time of DNS lookups and web content downloading, and applying selective compression on HTTP payload to further reduce energy consumption of mobile data transmission. As a result, the solutions dramatically reduce the energy consumption of mobile web access and download time, yet maintain or even increase user experience

Data Compression For Energy-Efficiency Web Access On Mobile Devices

Nowadays, wireless data connections (2G, 3G and WiFi) have been the main- stream technologies for accessing Internet on modern mobile devices. However, users aware that heavy use of data transmission for web access via wireless interfaces leads battery life drain badly. In order to extend battery life time and improve user experience, we present the solution for offering "energy-efficiency web access on mobile devices". A new compression strategy named selective-compression is introduced as an improvement of traditional HTTP compression in this thesis. The selective-compression strategy can properly handle binaries of web contents. And its mechanism relies on client/remote proxy pair structure. From analysis of the experiment results, we make conclusion that the selective-compression strategy can bring nice benefits for energy saving and delay deduction on mobile devices while accessing web pages that include massive binaries. Furthermore, we give the suggestion to web developers and web service providers about how to create energy-efficient web pages