The potentials and perils of deterritorialization:

UIDB/04097/2020 UIDP/04097/2020publishersversionpublishe

USSR Space Life Sciences Digest, Issue 18

This is the 18th issue of NASA's USSR Life Sciences Digest. It contains abstracts of 50 papers published in Russian language periodicals or presented at conferences and of 8 new Soviet monographs. Selected abstracts are illustrated with figures and tables from the original. A review of a recent Aviation Medicine Handbook is also included. The abstracts in this issue have been identified as relevant to 37 areas of space biology and medicine. These areas are: adaptation, aviation medicine, biological rhythms, biospherics, body fluids, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, cytology, developmental biology, endocrinology, enzymology, equipment and instrumentation, exobiology, gastrointestinal system, genetics, gravitational biology, group dynamics, habitability and environmental effects, hematology, human performance, immunology, life support systems, man-machine systems, mathematical modeling, metabolism, microbiology, musculoskeletal system, neurophysiology, nutrition, operational medicine, perception, personnel selection, psychology, radiobiology, reproductive biology, space biology and medicine, and space industrialization

Error analysis in automatic speech recognition and machine translation

Automatic speech recognition and machine translation are well-known terms in the translation world nowadays. Systems that carry out these processes are taking over the work of humans more and more. Reasons for this are the speed at which the tasks are performed and their costs. However, the quality of these systems is debatable. They are not yet capable of delivering the same performance as human transcribers or translators. The lack of creativity, the ability to interpret texts and the sense of language is often cited as the reason why the performance of machines is not yet at the level of human translation or transcribing work. Despite this, there are companies that use these machines in their production pipelines. Unbabel, an online translation platform powered by artificial intelligence, is one of these companies. Through a combination of human translators and machines, Unbabel tries to provide its customers with a translation of good quality. This internship report was written with the aim of gaining an overview of the performance of these systems and the errors they produce. Based on this work, we try to get a picture of possible error patterns produced by both systems. The present work consists of an extensive analysis of errors produced by automatic speech recognition and machine translation systems after automatically transcribing and translating 10 English videos into Dutch. Different videos were deliberately chosen to see if there were significant differences in the error patterns between videos. The generated data and results from this work, aims at providing possible ways to improve the quality of the services already mentioned.O reconhecimento automático de fala e a tradução automática são termos conhecidos no mundo da tradução, hoje em dia. Os sistemas que realizam esses processos estão a assumir cada vez mais o trabalho dos humanos. As razões para isso são a velocidade com que as tarefas são realizadas e os seus custos. No entanto, a qualidade desses sistemas é discutível. As máquinas ainda não são capazes de ter o mesmo desempenho dos transcritores ou tradutores humanos. A falta de criatividade, de capacidade de interpretar textos e de sensibilidade linguística são motivos frequentemente usados para justificar o facto de as máquinas ainda não estarem suficientemente desenvolvidas para terem um desempenho comparável com o trabalho de tradução ou transcrição humano. Mesmo assim, existem empresas que fazem uso dessas máquinas. A Unbabel, uma plataforma de tradução online baseada em inteligência artificial, é uma dessas empresas. Através de uma combinação de tradutores humanos e de máquinas, a Unbabel procura oferecer aos seus clientes traduções de boa qualidade. O presente relatório de estágio foi feito com o intuito de obter uma visão geral do desempenho desses sistemas e das falhas que cometem, propondo delinear uma imagem dos possíveis padrões de erro existentes nos mesmos. Para tal, fez-se uma análise extensa das falhas que os sistemas de reconhecimento automático de fala e de tradução automática cometeram, após a transcrição e a tradução automática de 10 vídeos. Foram deliberadamente escolhidos registos videográficos diversos, de modo a verificar possíveis diferenças nos padrões de erro. Através dos dados gerados e dos resultados obtidos, propõe-se encontrar uma forma de melhorar a qualidade dos serviços já mencionados

The Encyclopedia of Neutrosophic Researchers - vol. 1

This is the first volume of the Encyclopedia of Neutrosophic Researchers, edited from materials offered by the authors who responded to the editor’s invitation. The authors are listed alphabetically. The introduction contains a short history of neutrosophics, together with links to the main papers and books. Neutrosophic set, neutrosophic logic, neutrosophic probability, neutrosophic statistics, neutrosophic measure, neutrosophic precalculus, neutrosophic calculus and so on are gaining significant attention in solving many real life problems that involve uncertainty, impreciseness, vagueness, incompleteness, inconsistent, and indeterminacy. In the past years the fields of neutrosophics have been extended and applied in various fields, such as: artificial intelligence, data mining, soft computing, decision making in incomplete / indeterminate / inconsistent information systems, image processing, computational modelling, robotics, medical diagnosis, biomedical engineering, investment problems, economic forecasting, social science, humanistic and practical achievements

Ethical issues regarding machine(-assisted) translation of literary texts

This article investigates essential ethical issues that should be taken into consideration when adopting or tailoring technological tools for literary translation. The discussion on ethical issues draws on recent studies on translation technology and on the usage of machine(-assisted) translation for literary language. An overview of the consequences of the recent increase in technologization for both non-literary and literary translation is provided and an argument for sustainable development in literary translation is made, based on a holistic understanding of translation quality. The notion of voice is taken as an example of the special challenges related to the translation of literary language, which research on machine(-assisted) translation of literary language has not yet sufficiently taken into account. Lastly, avant-garde aesthetic views and usages of machine translation are presented through the notion of noise.</p

Multi-modal post-editing of machine translation

As MT quality continues to improve, more and more translators switch from traditional translation from scratch to PE of MT output, which has been shown to save time and reduce errors. Instead of mainly generating text, translators are now asked to correct errors within otherwise helpful translation proposals, where repetitive MT errors make the process tiresome, while hard-to-spot errors make PE a cognitively demanding activity. Our contribution is three-fold: first, we explore whether interaction modalities other than mouse and keyboard could well support PE by creating and testing the MMPE translation environment. MMPE allows translators to cross out or hand-write text, drag and drop words for reordering, use spoken commands or hand gestures to manipulate text, or to combine any of these input modalities. Second, our interviews revealed that translators see value in automatically receiving additional translation support when a high CL is detected during PE. We therefore developed a sensor framework using a wide range of physiological and behavioral data to estimate perceived CL and tested it in three studies, showing that multi-modal, eye, heart, and skin measures can be used to make translation environments cognition-aware. Third, we present two multi-encoder Transformer architectures for APE and discuss how these can adapt MT output to a domain and thereby avoid correcting repetitive MT errors.Angesichts der stetig steigenden Qualität maschineller Übersetzungssysteme (MÜ) post-editieren (PE) immer mehr Übersetzer die MÜ-Ausgabe, was im Vergleich zur herkömmlichen Übersetzung Zeit spart und Fehler reduziert. Anstatt primär Text zu generieren, müssen Übersetzer nun Fehler in ansonsten hilfreichen Übersetzungsvorschlägen korrigieren. Dennoch bleibt die Arbeit durch wiederkehrende MÜ-Fehler mühsam und schwer zu erkennende Fehler fordern die Übersetzer kognitiv. Wir tragen auf drei Ebenen zur Verbesserung des PE bei: Erstens untersuchen wir, ob andere Interaktionsmodalitäten als Maus und Tastatur das PE unterstützen können, indem wir die Übersetzungsumgebung MMPE entwickeln und testen. MMPE ermöglicht es, Text handschriftlich, per Sprache oder über Handgesten zu verändern, Wörter per Drag & Drop neu anzuordnen oder all diese Eingabemodalitäten zu kombinieren. Zweitens stellen wir ein Sensor-Framework vor, das eine Vielzahl physiologischer und verhaltensbezogener Messwerte verwendet, um die kognitive Last (KL) abzuschätzen. In drei Studien konnten wir zeigen, dass multimodale Messung von Augen-, Herz- und Hautmerkmalen verwendet werden kann, um Übersetzungsumgebungen an die KL der Übersetzer anzupassen. Drittens stellen wir zwei Multi-Encoder-Transformer-Architekturen für das automatische Post-Editieren (APE) vor und erörtern, wie diese die MÜ-Ausgabe an eine Domäne anpassen und dadurch die Korrektur von sich wiederholenden MÜ-Fehlern vermeiden können.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Projekt MMP