Edifying the body while building the edifice

To help congregations more fully address the interface between confessional/theological self-understanding and building programs, a framework is developed that identifies three foci of concern. These call for and shape an \u27Architectural Brief/Educational Agenda\u27 for a congregation\u27s building program. A model/example of a Brief/Agenda within the Lutheran tradition is presented. The article concludes with a framework of activities to be incorporated into the educational dimension of any church building project

Models of ice melting and edifice growth during subglacial basaltic eruptions.

Models of the early stages of basaltic eruptions beneath temperate glaciers are presented that consider the evolving sizes of volcanic edifices emplaced within subglacial cavities. The cavity size reflects the competing effects of enlargement by melting and closure by downward ductile deformation of the ice roof, which occurs when the cavity pressure is less than glaciostatic due to meltwater drainage. Eruptions of basaltic magma from fissures and point sources are considered, which form either hemicylindrical or hemispherical cavities. The rate of roof closure can therefore be estimated using Nye's law. The cavity size, edifice size, and depth of meltwater above the edifice are predicted by the model and are used to identify two potential eruption mechanisms: explosive and intrusive. When the cavity is considerably larger than the edifice, hydroclastic fragmentation is possible via explosive eruptions, with deposition of tephra by eruption-fed aqueous density currents. When the edifice completely fills the cavity, rising magma is likely to quench within waterlogged tephra in a predominantly intrusive manner. The models were run for a range of magma discharge rates, ice thicknesses and cavity pressures relevant to subglacial volcanism in Iceland. Explosive eruptions occur at high magma discharge rates, when there is insufficient time for significant roof closure. The models correctly predict the style of historic and Pleistocene subglacial fissure eruptions in Iceland and are used to explain the contrasting sedimentology of basaltic and rhyolitic tuyas. The models also point to new ways of unraveling the complex coupling between eruption mechanisms and glacier response during subglacial eruptions

Economic edifice, urbanisation and rural education in developing countries

The nexus between economic edifice, urbanisation and education is a somewhat understudied area in the academic literature. This applies especially to the urban-rural nexus and its impact on transition in economic edifice, which are especially pronounced in developing countries. This article addresses some selected consequences of urbanisation on education in developing countries within a context of transition in economic edifice. It is argued that transitions in economic edifice are for rural populations at times unrestrained and precipitous. It is further argued that the transition economic edifice impacts on social, economic and personal interests of not only the school-aged population, but also of the working and retired population. Against this background, this article discusses factors relating to effects of urbanization within a context of urbanisation and urbanisation theories, including transition in economic edifice, globalization, employment and employability, and vocationalisation of education. In conclusion opportunities and challenges for education in the context of transforming an economic structure in rural areas in a contemporary context is brought to the fore

Volcanic evolution of São Vicente, Cape Verde Islands: The Praia Grande landslide

The island of São Vicente has undergone continuous volcanic activity from Pliocene to Pleistocene times. The earliest evidence of activity corresponds to some 9 million years ago when a submarine edifice of alkaline basaltic affinity had already started to develop. The island resulted from the growth of a single major edifice (the São Vicente Edifice) built up in several distinguishable growth stages. The early main stage occurred at 6.5 to 4.5 Ma giving rise to an edifice of about 10–12 km in radius and more than 2500 m in height whose centre was located south of the present city of Mindelo. Although the edifice in its earlier phase showed typical characteristics of a shield volcano (the Mindelo Formation) it adopted later on those of an ordinary composite volcano (the Madeiral–Monte Cara Formation). A giant landslide event, the Praia Grande landslide, destroyed the NE sector of the edifice and left a 10×12 km large depression that was successively refilled by nephelinitic lava flows and some associated carbonatites (the Monte Verde Formation, 4.5–3.1 Ma). The volcanic activity ceased about 3–2 Ma ago when the edifice started to be deeply eroded until disappearing about 90% of its total volume. Only in recent times (0.3 Ma) very scarce and local strombolian activity has been developed aside the São Vicente Edifice, in the eastern sector of the island

Lava lakes and shallow level magmatic feeding systems of mafic volcanoes of an ocean island: Ambrym, Vanuatu (New Hebrides), South Pacific

Ambrym is an active volcanic island with 2 major vent complexes; Marum and Benbow. These vent complexes are continuously active over at least the past two thousands of years. These active vents either produce constant degassing during quite periods or sub-Plinian to Vulcanian explosive eruptions commonly influenced by magma-water interaction triggered phreatomagmatic explosive phases. The active vents of Ambrym perfectly expos inner walls of the crater/conduit transition zone, allowing to study in cross sectional view of the interbedded coherent magmatic bodies with pyroclastic successions. In the inner crater/conduit wall of the Marum volcano, that consists of at least 3 major vents, as well as a vent that is located on its flank (Niri Taten) exposes solidified complex lava lake cross-sections, lava spatter cone feeding lava pods, shallow intrusions as well as large sills that connected through a complex network of pathways to the surface and/or into the pyroclastic edifice of the volcano. This suggests that shallow level infiltration of melt into a mafic volcano plays an important role in the edifice growth

Morphology of Lipari offshore (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea)

High-resolution multibeam bathymetry was recently collected around Lipari, the largest and most densely populated island of the Aeolian Archipelago (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea). The data were acquired within the context of marine geological studies performed in the area over the last 10 years. We present the first detailed morphological map of the Lipari offshore at 1:100,000 scale (Main Map). A rugged morphology characterizes the submarine portions of Lipari volcano, reflecting both volcanic and erosive-depositional processes. The volcanic features include cones, lava flows and bedrock outcrops. Erosive-depositional features include an insular shelf topped by submarine depositional terraces related to LateQuaternary sea-level fluctuations, as well as landslide scars, channelized features, fanshaped deposits and wavy bedforms. The different distribution of volcanic and erosivedepositional features on the various sectors of Lipari is mainly related to the older age of the western flank with respect to the eastern one. The map also provides insights for a first marine geohazard assessment of this active volcanic area

Morphology of Salina offshore (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea)

In this paper, we present the first complete morphological map of the Salina offshore at a scale of 1:100,000. The submarine flanks of the Salina edifice extend down to −650 to −1300 m, are steep and characterized by an uneven morphology due to the presence of volcanic and erosivedepositional features. The volcanic features cover ∼30% of the submarine portion and include volcanic cones and bedrock outcrops. The remaining ∼70% is affected by a wide series of erosive-depositional features. Among these, features related to Late Quaternary sea level fluctuations comprise the insular shelf surrounding the island and overlying submarine terraced depositional sequences. Mass-wasting features include landslide scars, channels, fanshaped deposits and waveforms. The presented map provides useful insights for a better understanding of the morphological evolution of the edific

Incidence Geometries and the Pass Complexity of Semi-Streaming Set Cover

Set cover, over a universe of size $n$, may be modelled as a data-streaming problem, where the $m$ sets that comprise the instance are to be read one by one. A semi-streaming algorithm is allowed only $O(n\, \mathrm{poly}\{\log n, \log m\})$ space to process this stream. For each $p \ge 1$, we give a very simple deterministic algorithm that makes $p$ passes over the input stream and returns an appropriately certified $(p+1)n^{1/(p+1)}$-approximation to the optimum set cover. More importantly, we proceed to show that this approximation factor is essentially tight, by showing that a factor better than $0.99\,n^{1/(p+1)}/(p+1)^2$ is unachievable for a $p$-pass semi-streaming algorithm, even allowing randomisation. In particular, this implies that achieving a $\Theta(\log n)$-approximation requires $\Omega(\log n/\log\log n)$ passes, which is tight up to the $\log\log n$ factor. These results extend to a relaxation of the set cover problem where we are allowed to leave an $\varepsilon$ fraction of the universe uncovered: the tight bounds on the best approximation factor achievable in $p$ passes turn out to be $\Theta_p(\min\{n^{1/(p+1)}, \varepsilon^{-1/p}\})$. Our lower bounds are based on a construction of a family of high-rank incidence geometries, which may be thought of as vast generalisations of affine planes. This construction, based on algebraic techniques, appears flexible enough to find other applications and is therefore interesting in its own right.Comment: 20 page

The Story of the Gary, Indiana Crucifix

In the spring of 1955, the Knights of Columbus erected an enormous crucifix in a public park in Gary, Indiana. Incensed by this flagrant constitutional violation, Harrison J. Mellman, a bright, well-liked, but still green local lawyer, began making plans to challenge the towering structure in court. Today, more than half a century later, the edifice remains, undisturbed, in its original spot. And so begins, and ends, a most unusual tale