AmbiguityVis: Visualization of Ambiguity in Graph Layouts

Node-link diagrams provide an intuitive way to explore networks and have inspired a large number of automated graphlayout strategies that optimize aesthetic criteria. However, any particular drawing approach cannot fully satisfy all these criteriasimultaneously, producing drawings with visual ambiguities that can impede the understanding of network structure. To bring attentionto these potentially problematic areas present in the drawing, this paper presents a technique that highlights common types of visualambiguities: ambiguous spatial relationships between nodes and edges, visual overlap between community structures, and ambiguityin edge bundling and metanodes. Metrics, including newly proposed metrics for abnormal edge lengths, visual overlap in communitystructures and node/edge aggregation, are proposed to quantify areas of ambiguity in the drawing. These metrics and others arethen displayed using a heatmap-based visualization that provides visual feedback to developers of graph drawing and visualizationapproaches, allowing them to quickly identify misleading areas. The novel metrics and the heatmap-based visualization allow a userto explore ambiguities in graph layouts from multiple perspectives in order to make reasonable graph layout choices. The effectivenessof the technique is demonstrated through case studies and expert reviews

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To estimate the relationships between malocclusion and dental caries or functional disorders, an epidemiological study of 142 dental college students was made by oral examination and questionnaire surveys. The students were classified into 5 groups: no malocclusion, edge-to -edge occlusion, deep bite, crowding, and spaced arch. The results were as follows. 1) From the questionnaire screening for symptoms involving the temporomandibular joints and muscles, and some other symptoms of dysfunction, the crowding, deep bite, and spaced arch subjects showed significant correlations with grinding teeth. 2) Edge-to-edge occlusion subjects showed significantly higher DT and DS values than the subjects with no malocclusion 3) The DMFT and DMFS values were lower in the subjects with crowding than in the no malocclusion subjects. However, the crowding subjects had significantly more untreated caries. 4) The DMFT, DMFS, FT, and FS values were significantly lower in the spaced arch subjects than in the no malocclusion subjects

Prevalencia de maloclusión y hábitos bucales no fisiológicos en niños de primaria de Ercilla, Chile.

Introduction: Dentomaxillary Anomalies (DMA) affect the growth and morphology of the stomatognathic system of individuals, representing a public health problem. Few studies have described its prevalence among vulnerable populations in Chile. The aim of the study was to explore the prevalence of DMA and its association to non-physiological habits (NFH) and sociodemographic characteristics among primary school children living in Ercilla, Chile. Material and Methods: A convenience sample of 327 primary school students from six schools in Ercilla, were assessed through an intraoral and extraoral evaluation. Overjet, overbite, molar relationship, presence of DMAs, and NFHs were measured. Descriptive statistics, analysis of association between DMAs and studied factors, and logistic regression models were done and odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals presented. Results: A total of 61.5% of students presented at least one DMA. Chi-square test showed no significant association between DMA prevalence and NHFs, however, after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, children with NFH were 1.69 (95%CI 1.02-2.78) times more likely to have DMAs. Gender and area of residence were not significantly associated with DMAs. Conclusion: In children from Ercilla, DMAs were associated with NFHs, however, sociodemographic characteristics did not have a significant role in the presence of DMA, suggesting that sociodemographic factors might not strongly influence orthodontic needs among children from this geographical area.Introducción: Las anomalías dentomaxilares (ADM) afectan el crecimiento y la morfología del sistema estomatognático de los individuos, lo que representa un problema de salud pública. Pocos estudios han descrito su prevalencia en poblaciones vulnerables en Chile. El objetivo del estudio fue explorar la prevalencia de ADM y su asociación con hábitos no fisiológicos (HNF) y características sociodemográficas en niños de escuela primaria que viven en Ercilla, Chile. Material y Métodos: Se evaluó una muestra de conveniencia de 327 estudiantes de educación básica de seis escuelas de Ercilla mediante una evaluación intraoral y extraoral. Se midieron el resalte, la sobremordida, la relación molar, la presencia de DMA y HNF. Se realizó estadística descriptiva, análisis de asociación entre ADMs y los factores estudiados, y modelos de regresión logística y se presentaron odds ratio con intervalos de confianza del 95%. Resultados: El 61,5% de los alumnos presentó al menos una ADM. La prueba de chi-cuadrado no mostró una asociación significativa entre la prevalencia de ADM y HNF, sin embargo, después de ajustar de acuerdo a factores sociodemográficos, los niños con HNF tenían 1,69 (IC del 95%: 1,02 a 2,78) veces más probabilidades de tener ADMs. El género y el área de residencia no se asociaron significativamente con las ADMs. Conclusión: En los niños de Ercilla, las DMA se asociaron con NFH, sin embargo, las características sociodemográficas no tuvieron un papel significativo en la presencia de DMA, lo que sugiere que los factores sociodemográficos podrían no influir fuertemente en las necesidades de ortodoncia entre los niños de esta área geográfica

Diagnosis of dental problems in pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Dental problems are very common in pet rabbits. To establish a correct diagnosis of rabbit dental pathology, a general knowledge of normal dental anatomy and physiology is necessary. The specific anatomy and the most common pathologies of rabbit dentition are reviewed. Techniques for diagnosing dental abnormalities - such as clinical examination, radiography and computed tomography (CT) - are summarized. Finally two clinical cases of rabbits with dental pathologies are described

Orthodontic needs of patients with cleft lip and palate in Enugu, five years post repair

Background: Orthodontists play an integral role in the management of cleft lip and palate anomaly. This study looks at the frequency of  anomalies amenable to orthodontics in patients who have had surgery and the effect of early or late surgical intervention.Methodology: Patients aged 0-5 years with cleft of the lip and/or palate who were operated on by the plastic surgeon at the Good  Shepherd Specialist Hospital, Enugu between 1st July 2011 and 30th June 2014, were recalled after a minimum of five years post-surgery and examined to determine the absence or presence of dental anomalies, amenable to orthodontic treatment, which have arisen since surgical repair. Descriptive statistics and t-test were used for data analysis and significance was at 0.05.Results: Thirty-one children were operated upon in the period under review. Seventeen had timely (three months or less) lip repair. Seven had timely palate repair (18 months or less). Thirteen patients were successfully recalled, 12 had cleft lip repair while one had cleft palate repair. Repair was timely in 10 (83.3%) of the 12 that had lip repair with a mean frequency of four dental anomalies, while the two (16.7%) that had late repair had a mean frequency of five dental anomalies and this was not statistically significant (P value=0.711). The only isolated cleft palate patient successfully recalled had a late repair. All 13 patients had at least four dental anomalies amenable to orthodontics. Hypoplastic maxilla were the most commonly occurring (eight patients, 61.54%) dental anomaly amenable to orthodontic treatment. None of the patients had a clinically visible supernumerary tooth. Out of 13 patients reviewed, sis were males with a mean frequency of four dental anomalies while seven were females, also with a mean frequency of four dental anomalies. This was not  significant (P-value=0.553).Conclusion: There is need for the long term Orthodontic follow up of cleft lip and palate patients. The orthodontic management of dental anomaly should, therefore, be central in the planning and treatment of patients with cleft lip and palate

TMJ metastasis: A unusual case report

The metastases to the TMJ from a primary lung tumour is a very rare occurrence

Tooth occlusion pattern of the hausas in Zaria, Nigeria

The study was carried out to deduce the tooth occlusion pattern among the Hausas in Zaria, Nigeria. A total of 384 subjects made up of 184 males and 200 females within the ages of 20-49 years participated in this study. Data was collected by means of questionnaire. Results revealed that mild overbite type is the commonest (male = 33.6%, female = 32.6%) which was followed by edge to edge bite (male = 13.3%, female = 10.4%). The incidence of the severe overbite was observed more in males (3.4%) than females (2.1%). The incidence of negative overbite was observed more in females (2.9%) than males (1.8%). The results showed no significant gender difference (p≥0.05) in the tooth occlusion pattern. The tooth occlusion pattern of the Hausas in Zaria, Nigeria is such that some occlusion types are relatively more common in females than the male counterparts and vice versa. The mild overbite type of occlusion is the commonest among the Hausas in Zaria, Nigeria. The negative overbite is the least common tooth occlusion pattern among the Hausas in Zaria, Nigeria. Key words: Nigeria; Occlusion; Pattern; Tooth; Zari

On the effective visualisation of dynamic attribute cascades

Cascades appear in many applications, including biological graphs and social media analysis. In a cascade, a dynamic attribute propagates through a graph, following its edges. We present the results of a formal user study that tests the effectiveness of different types of cascade visualisations on node-link diagrams for the task of judging cascade spread. Overall, we found that a small multiples presentation was significantly faster than animation with no significant difference in terms of error rate. Participants generally preferred animation over small multiples and a hierarchical layout to a force-directed layout. Considering each presentation method separately, when comparing force-directed layouts to hierarchical layouts, hierarchical layouts were found to be significantly faster for both presentation methods and significantly more accurate for animation. Representing the history of the cascade had no significant effect. Thus, for our task, this experiment supports the use of a small multiples interface with hierarchically drawn graphs for the visualisation of cascades. This work is important because without these empirical results, designers of dynamic multivariate visualisations (in many applications) would base their design decisions on intuition with little empirical support as to whether these decisions enhance usability

Dynamic analysis of the body's balance with the aid of PODATA platform in patients with vestibular disorders and malocclusions

Introduction: Human posture is linked to a certain stable anatomic position between head, body, and upper and lower limbs. Posturology is the science for the human posture. The connections between the vestibular, ocular, stomatognathic, postural, and proprioceptive systems are studied due to their muscular chains interconnections.Aim: The present research aims to study the characteristics of the body’s balance in patients with vestibular disorders and orthodontic malocclusions, utilizing the PODATA platform.Materials and Methods: A total of 83 patients in the time period November–July 2022 were included. All patients filled out written informed consent forms in order to participate. The study received approval by the Medical University of Varna’s Ethics Committee. Patients were also provided with questionnaires in order to assess their symptoms. An ENT specialist and a dentist examined all patients. Patients were divided into several diagnostic groups.Results: When examined on the platform, patients shifted the center of gravity (CoG) of the body more often backwards and to the right side. Most patients with a shift of CoG backwards and to the right had a temporomandibular disorder (TMD) on the left side. Female patients were more affected than male ones. In patients who also had a vestibular disorder, CoG of the body was more often shifted backwards and to the right. Thirty-one had a malocclusion. Patients with a change of the middle line and deep bite were the most prevalent and they shifted CoG backward and to the right or only backwards.Conclusion: The presented study confirmed that there is a connection between the postural, stomatognathic and vestibular systems. Disorders in either of the systems results in consecutive changes in the others