Bioremediation: Eco Technology of Cultured Water Using Efficient Microbes (ECO Microbes)

The emerging role of bacteria in the field of bioremediation eco- technology with countless new genes and biochemical pathways using antagonistic compounds and other useful molecules has generated new interest in them. After testing all the physical, chemical and biological means of bioremediation it has been found that for management of contaminated waters the best option is microbiological treatment which is more efficient economically and consumes less energy. “In situ” bioremediation is the cleanup approach where the dissolved and absorbed contaminants are in contact with microorganisms. The microorganisms act well only when the waste material helps them to generate energy and nutrients to build up more cells. Lack of biodegradation capacity of native microorganisms can be overcome by addition of selective substrates during. Insitu bio remediation or manipulate the native microorganisms for efficient and speedy biodegradation

Integration of liquid-liquid membrane contactors and electrodialysis for ammonia recovery from urban wastewaters

LLMC is an innovativ e and eco - friendly technology for ammonium salts production ; ED can concentrate efficient ly ammonium salts ; Concentrated ammonium salts can be obtained by means of integration processes ( LLMC and ED ) ; Ammonium salts produced can be used as liquid fertilizersPostprint (author's final draft

RF-MBE Grown III-Nitrides Heterostructures For Hydrogen Gas Sensing Applications

Dalam teknologi hijau semasa, hidrogen (H2) mempunyai potensi untuk bertindak sebagai pembawa tenaga yang baru dan sumber bahan api alternatif yang cekap dan mesra alam In the current green technology, hydrogen (H2) has the potential to act as new energy carrier and alternative fuel source that is efficient and eco-friendl

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM FOR ECO APPROACH AND DEPARTURE

Eco Approach and Departure (Eco-AnD) is a Connected and Automated Vehicle (CAV) technology developed to reduce energy for crossing a signalized intersection or set of intersections in a corridor that features vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication capability. Eco-AnD technology uses the information of the signal phase and timings (SPaT) received from the V2I communication to optimize the vehicle’s speed profile and produce an energy-efficient maneuver to cross the intersection. The Eco-AnD algorithm is devised for two vehicles (GM-Volt Gen II & GM-Bolt), both with different powertrain architectures but capable of working in electric-only mode. In simulations, the developed algorithm showed an energy-saving potential of 70-90 kJ per intersection around the corridor of the MTU drive cycle for both vehicles. For the RSU loop (a subset of MTU drive cycle) up to 8 % of energy reduction is observed. Vehicle level testing of the optimized speed profiles was carried out at the American Center of Mobility (ACM) on GM-Volt Gen II to demonstrate an energy-saving of 40-50 kJ per intersection on real road conditions

an environmental innovation organised by a corporation and promoted by technology policy

This case study investigates innovation processes and networks around the development and market introduction of a new eco-efficient fertilizer. The innovation offers a technical-fix solution to combine effective fertilizer application in modern agriculture and horticulture with environmental protection by reducing nitrogen losses with the help of ammonium stabilisators that show no significant (eco-)toxicological effects. The case study describes the period 1995 - 1999 relevant for this environmental innovation. Just those actors with the scientific competences required belonged to a loose innovation network which one could expect to participate in a cooperative R&D; project with rather strict labour division, well coordinated and cofunded by BASF as its key actor. The innovation process met no serious obstacles in its technical and its social dimension, though finally some retardation in its time dimension, concerning licensing of the new fertilizer. Willingness to compromise was prevalent in case of diverging actor interests, and substantial controversy could be hardly found in the whole innovation process. Respective actors in environmental, technology, and agricultural policy cared for more or less appropriate framework conditions of the innovation project but were hardly involved themselves in the genuine innovation network. Technology policy cared for launching and co-funding the project developing eco-efficient fertilizers especially for economic reasons. Concerning the main research question of the case study, no serious attempts of substantive interpolicy coordination of environmental policy and ecology-oriented technology policy could be identified

Environmental innovation: Using qualitative models to identify indicators for policy

Environmental innovation is an essential part of a knowledge based economy, as environmental innovation makes economies more efficient by encouraging and facilitating the use of fewer material or energy inputs per unit of output. In this respect, environmental innovation replaces material inputs with knowledge. Environmental innovation should also result in fewer externalities, or negative environmental impacts, which affect our health and well-being, also in terms of global climate change. Technology shifts caused by technological breakthroughs, rapid changes in demand for resources, or environmental imperatives could also impel societies to invest more heavily in research on how to use energy and other resources more efficiently. The main goal of this paper is to explore and identify relevant indicators for environmental innovation that could be used to develop innovation policy for all economic sectors, as well as for the field of environmental technologies. This is done firstly with the help of a qualitative model presenting the eco-innovation chain. Based on both literature and our data analysis, our chosen key indicators include measures on: environmental regulations and venture capital for the eco-industry; environmental publications, patents and business R&D; eco-industry exports and FDI; sales from environmentally beneficial innovation across sectors; and environmental impacts related to energy intensity and resource productivity of economies. Finding key eco-innovation indicators related to such factors is important for policy makers, as environmental innovation policy is required to counter the two market failures associated with environmental pollution and the innovation and diffusion of new technologies.Environmental innovation, environmental goods and services, innovation indicators, CIS, environmental impacts, European Union

The Determinants and Effects of Environmental Product Innovations - An Analysis on the Basis of Case Studies

The aim of the Integrated Product Policy (IPP) is to promote product-related eco-innovations. These, in turn, depend on both support for the development of environmentally-friendly products and stimulation of demand for such products. However, it is companies that play the crucial role in the ecological optimisation of products as it is they who – during the R&D phase - determine the basic environmental characteristics for the product utilisation and disposal phases. This paper therefore examines the main determinants and effects of environmental product innovations, including several case studies of companies in the German manufacturing sector. With regard to the possible determinants of ecological product innovations, regulation appears to be one of the main drivers of ecological innovation. New technology is the second most important stimulus. An increasing number of firms from different industries have identified the ecological and economic potential which lies in the consumption and waste disposal phases. Nevertheless, eco-efficient products still have to grapple with the problem of weak market performance. Neither eco-labels nor life-cycle analyses appear to be of great significance for innovating firms as they are – especially in the short term- far too costly and time-consuming. On the other hand, instruments which take account of manufacturers? product responsibility appear to have a major impact on ecological product design. --Integrated product policy (IPP),environmentally-friendly product innovations,innovation research,case studies

Eco-efficient process based on conventional machining as an alternative technology to chemical milling of aeronautical metal skin panels

El fresado químico es un proceso diseñado para la reducción de peso de pieles metálicas que, a pesar de los problemas medioambientales asociados, se utiliza en la industria aeronáutica desde los años 50. Entre sus ventajas figuran el cumplimiento de las estrictas tolerancias de diseño de piezas aeroespaciales y que pese a ser un proceso de mecanizado, no induce tensiones residuales. Sin embargo, el fresado químico es una tecnología contaminante y costosa que tiende a ser sustituida. Gracias a los avances realizados en el mecanizado, la tecnología de fresado convencional permite alcanzar las tolerancias requeridas siempre y cuando se consigan evitar las vibraciones y la flexión de la pieza, ambas relacionadas con los parámetros del proceso y con los sistemas de utillaje empleados. Esta tesis analiza las causas de la inestabilidad del corte y la deformación de las piezas a través de una revisión bibliográfica que cubre los modelos analíticos, las técnicas computacionales y las soluciones industriales en estudio actualmente. En ella, se aprecia cómo los modelos analíticos y las soluciones computacionales y de simulación se centran principalmente en la predicción off-line de vibraciones y de posibles flexiones de la pieza. Sin embargo, un enfoque más industrial ha llevado al diseño de sistemas de fijación, utillajes, amortiguadores basados en actuadores, sistemas de rigidez y controles adaptativos apoyados en simulaciones o en la selección estadística de parámetros. Además se han desarrollado distintas soluciones CAM basadas en la aplicación de gemelos virtuales. En la revisión bibliográfica se han encontrado pocos documentos relativos a pieles y suelos delgados por lo que se ha estudiado experimentalmente el efecto de los parámetros de corte en su mecanizado. Este conjunto de experimentos ha demostrado que, pese a usar un sistema que aseguraba la rigidez de la pieza, las pieles se comportaban de forma diferente a un sólido rígido en términos de fuerzas de mecanizado cuando se utilizaban velocidades de corte cercanas a la alta velocidad. También se ha verificado que todas las muestras mecanizadas entraban dentro de tolerancia en cuanto a la rugosidad de la pieza. Paralelamente, se ha comprobado que la correcta selección de parámetros de mecanizado puede reducir las fuerzas de corte y las tolerancias del proceso hasta un 20% y un 40%, respectivamente. Estos datos pueden tener aplicación industrial en la simplificación de los sistemas de amarre o en el incremento de la eficiencia del proceso. Este proceso también puede mejorarse incrementando la vida de la herramienta al utilizar fluidos de corte. Una correcta lubricación puede reducir la temperatura del proceso y las tensiones residuales inducidas a la pieza. Con este objetivo, se han desarrollado diferentes lubricantes, basados en el uso de líquidos iónicos (IL) y se han comparado con el comportamiento tribológico del par de contacto en seco y con una taladrina comercial. Los resultados obtenidos utilizando 1 wt% de los líquidos iónicos en un tribómetro tipo pin-on-disk demuestran que el IL no halogenado reduce significativamente el desgaste y la fricción entre el aluminio, material a mecanizar, y el carburo de tungsteno, material de la herramienta, eliminando casi toda la adhesión del aluminio sobre el pin, lo que puede incrementar considerablemente la vida de la herramienta.Chemical milling is a process designed to reduce the weight of metals skin panels. This process has been used since 1950s in the aerospace industry despite its environmental concern. Among its advantages, chemical milling does not induce residual stress and parts meet the required tolerances. However, this process is a pollutant and costly technology. Thanks to the last advances in conventional milling, machining processes can achieve similar quality results meanwhile vibration and part deflection are avoided. Both problems are usually related to the cutting parameters and the workholding. This thesis analyses the causes of the cutting instability and part deformation through a literature review that covers analytical models, computational techniques and industrial solutions. Analytics and computational solutions are mainly focused on chatter and deflection prediction and industrial approaches are focused on the design of workholdings, fixtures, damping actuators, stiffening devices, adaptive control systems based on simulations and the statistical parameters selection, and CAM solutions combined with the use of virtual twins applications. In this literature review, few research works about thin-plates and thin-floors is found so the effect of the cutting parameters is also studied experimentally. These experiments confirm that even using rigid workholdings, the behavior of the part is different to a rigid body at high speed machining. On the one hand, roughness values meet the required tolerances under every set of the tested parameters. On the other hand, a proper parameter selection reduces the cutting forces and process tolerances by up to 20% and 40%, respectively. This fact can be industrially used to simplify workholding and increase the machine efficiency. Another way to improve the process efficiency is to increase tool life by using cutting fluids. Their use can also decrease the temperature of the process and the induced stresses. For this purpose, different water-based lubricants containing three types of Ionic Liquids (IL) are compared to dry and commercial cutting fluid conditions by studying their tribological behavior. Pin on disk tests prove that just 1wt% of one of the halogen-free ILs significantly reduces wear and friction between both materials, aluminum and tungsten carbide. In fact, no wear scar is noticed on the ball when one of the ILs is used, which, therefore, could considerably increase tool life

Building a taxonomy of eco-innovation types in firms: A quantitative perspective

Eco-innovations, or innovations that reduce the environmental impacts of production and consumption activities, are considered crucial for sustainability transitions and a key element of a Circular Economy. Although previous contributions have acknowledged the existence of different types of eco-innovations (e.g., product vs. service or incremental vs. radical), a precise conceptualization of eco-innovation types, which takes into account its multifaceted character, is missing. Yet such a conceptualization is crucial in order to understand how eco-innovations contribute to a sustainable transition, how policy makers can promote different eco-innovation types, and how business practitioners can develop eco-innovations. This article covers this gap in the literature. Its aim is twofold: 1) to develop a quantitative method to categorise different eco-innovation types in a particular setting, taking into account their distinct features and dimensions; 2) to apply this method in a given sector and country, building a taxonomy of eco-innovation types. It draws on a survey of 197 Spanish industrial small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) which developed or adopted an eco-innovation between 2012 and 2013. The statistical analyses reveal the existence of a taxonomy of five eco-innovation types: systemic, externally driven, continuous improvement, radical (technology-push initiated) and eco-efficient. They differ in their techno-economic configurations, contribution to environmental sustainability and corporate goals and required changes in the firms. Specific policy and managerial implications are deducted

Rapid Prototyping and Evaluation for Green Manufacturing

With global awareness of environmental risk and the pressing needs to improve efficiency, manufacturing systems are growing into new concept. Green manufacturing is reflected to employ various green strategies and technique to produce with eco-efficient. Green manufacturing aspects on the machine level were studied in various machining process. On this paper presentsthe green manufacturing review of Rapid Prototyping process. The objective is to evaluate the factors involved in green process of RP.Several comparative RP process respect to green manufacturing criteria are described.Rapid Prototyping process uses three dimensional CAD files to fabricate a physical model. Models are usually made from variety of material such as ABS, rubber and specific metals. Each material has the environment impact during the process and recycling.RP process are known as process not suitable for making direct product. However, lates technology makes it suitableto produce the parts with reasonable cost. For near the future, the utilization of this technology is becoming increasing and green manufacturing effect should be considered.Based on study conducted, several type of RP process is eco-efficient due to amount of waste material produced and environment impact during the process