4,107 research outputs found

    Early prediction of the highest workload in incremental cardiopulmonary tests

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    Incremental tests are widely used in cardiopulmonary exercise testing, both in the clinical domain and in sport sciences. The highest workload (denoted Wpeak) reached in the test is key information for assessing the individual body response to the test and for analyzing possible cardiac failures and planning rehabilitation, and training sessions. Being physically very demanding, incremental tests can significantly increase the body stress on monitored individuals and may cause cardiopulmonary overload. This article presents a new approach to cardiopulmonary testing that addresses these drawbacks. During the test, our approach analyzes the individual body response to the exercise and predicts the Wpeak value that will be reached in the test and an evaluation of its accuracy. When the accuracy of the prediction becomes satisfactory, the test can be prematurely stopped, thus avoiding its entire execution. To predict Wpeak, we introduce a new index, the CardioPulmonary Efficiency Index (CPE), summarizing the cardiopulmonary response of the individual to the test. Our approach analyzes the CPE trend during the test, together with the characteristics of the individual, and predicts Wpeak. A K-nearest-neighbor-based classifier and an ANN-based classier are exploited for the prediction. The experimental evaluation showed that the Wpeak value can be predicted with a limited error from the first steps of the tes

    Echocardiography combined with cardiopulmonary exercise testing for the prediction of outcome in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

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    BACKGROUND: Right ventricular (RV) function is a major determinant of exercise intolerance and outcome in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). The aim of the study was to evaluate the incremental prognostic value of echocardiography of the RV and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) on long-term prognosis in these patients. METHODS: One hundred-thirty treatment-naïve IPAH patients were enrolled and prospectively followed. Clinical worsening (CW) was defined by a reduction in 6-minute walk distance plus an increase in functional class, or non elective hospitalization for PAH, or death. Baseline evaluation included clinical, hemodynamic, echocardiographic and CPET variables. Cox regression modeling with c-statistic and bootstrapping validation methods were done. RESULTS: During a mean period of 528 ± 304 days, 54 patients experienced CW (53%). Among demographic, clinical and hemodynamic variables at catheterization, functional class and cardiac index were independent predictors of CW (Model-1). With addition of echocardiographic and CPET variables (Model-2), peak O2 pulse (peak VO2/heart rate) and RV fractional area change (RVFAC) independently improved the power of the prognostic model (AUC: 0.81 vs 0.66, respectively; p=0.005). Patients with low RVFAC and low O2 pulse (low RVFAC + low O2 pulse) and high RVFAC+low O2 pulse showed 99.8 and 29.4 increase in the hazard ratio, respectively (relative risk -RR- of 41.1 and 25.3, respectively), compared with high RVFAC+high O2 pulse (p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Echocardiography combined with CPET provides relevant clinical and prognostic information. A combination of low RVFAC and low O2 pulse identifies patients at a particularly high risk of clinical deterioration

    Rowing-ramp protocol as a cardiopulmonary exercise test for hemiparetic stroke survivors

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    Cardiopulmonary capacity should be evaluated accurately to determine exercise intolerance and training intensity of stroke survivors before an exercise rehabilitation programme is prescribed. However, no cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is suitable because of the stroke victims’ physical impairment. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a new rowing-ramp protocol as a CPET for stroke survivors. Eleven stroke patients (6 male; 5 female; age, 45 + 16.01 years, performed two incremental exercise tests on a Concept II rowing ergometer to determine the peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak). Test-retest reliability for VO2 peak, measured 1-week apart, resulted in an intra-class correlation of 0.97 and 0.95, respectively. A linear regression equation was developed to predict the VO2 peak from final stage stroke power. Validity and reliability of the prediction equation were established. The regression equation for predicted VO2 peak was VO2 peak=11.429±+ 0.232 (Final Stage Stroke Power) + 12.63 (F=25.326, p<0.01; R=0.859, R2=0.738). Limits of agreement between predicted and measured VO2 peak were acceptable, with a mean bias of 0.37 ml/kg/min. The validity coefficient (R) was 0.83 (p<0.01) and 0.81 (p<0.01) in both trials. Test-Retest reliability coefficient for predicted VO2 peak 0.95 (p<0.01). The positive relationship between Final Stage Stroke Power and VO2 peak suggests that the Rowing-Ramp protocol could be used to measure VO2 peak of stroke survivors. Additional studies are needed to cross-validate the regression equation using larger sample size, different type and severity of stroke

    Medición de la actividad física relativa y de la intensidad del ejercicio físico mediante umbrales metabólicos en mujeres sanas y pacientes con cáncer

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    182 p.La presente tesis doctoral internacional se ha realizado en forma de compendio de 4 artículos publicados en revistas internacionales que abordan la temática de la intensidad relativa del ejercicio.Ante la falta de unanimidad en relación a la intensidad del ejercicio recomendada para pacientes con cáncer, el primer estudio recoge información detallada de pruebas de esfuerzo cardiopulmonares realizadas a 152 pacientes con cáncer, con el fin de ofrecer una guía de intensidad del ejercicio acorde a la capacidad cardiorespiratoria de esta población, y así evitar sobreesfuerzos o estímulos insuficientes al utilizar las guías de intensidad disponibles para la población general.Los dos siguientes estudios investigan en qué medida la individualización de las categorías de intensidad de la actividad física (AF) medida con acelerómetros difieren respecto a las categorías de intensidad absoluta ampliamente utilizadas en estudios epidemiológicos. Para ello, 75 mujeres postmenopáusicas realizaron una prueba de caminar-correr progresiva y submáxima, y sucesivas pruebas a velocidad constante monitorizadas con; un pulsómetro para medir su respuesta cardíaca, un acelerómetro para medir su actividad, un analizador de gases y de lactato para conocer su esfuerzo metabólico, y así establecer unas categorías de intensidad individualizadas en función de sus umbrales ventilatorios y de lactato. A continuación, cada participante recibió un acelerómetro triaxial, el cual lo portó adherido a la cadera durante una semana para conocer su dosis de AF semanal.El límite inferior de intensidad moderada en términos absolutos (3 equivalentes energéticos o METs) establecido por las grandes autoridades como el Colegio Americano de Medicina Deportiva (ACSM) para ofrecer recomendaciones de dosis de AF semanal, y para cuantificar el tiempo trascurrido en actividades moderadas y/o vigorosas (AFMV) por la población adulta, fue inferior a los umbrales metabólicos de las participantes del estudio. Como consecuencia, y conforme a lo esperado, al seleccionar las categorías de intensidad individualizadas, el tiempo promedio trascurrido en AFMV se redujo a la mitad en comparación a las categorías de intensidad estándares basadas en términos absolutos (3-6 METs). Sorprendentemente, a pesar de que las mujeres con mayor capacidad cardiorespiratoria (CCR) estuvieron ~1 h·día-1 menos en actividades sedentarias, registraron ~3000 pasos diarios más y estuvieron el doble de tiempo en AFMV en términos absolutos en comparación al grupo de menor CCR, estas diferencias desaparecieron al utilizar las categorías de intensidad de AF individualizadas, ya que ambos grupos estuvieron ~20 min·día-1 en AFMV en términos relativos. Por lo tanto, individualizar las categorías de intensidad de AF en acelerómetros respecto a los umbrales metabólicos es una manera más precisa y significativa de medir la AF, reduciendo el riesgo de subestimar o sobreestimar los niveles de AF y el porcentaje de personas inactivas, en comparación al método de intensidad absoluta ampliamente aceptado y utilizado.El último estudio realizado con la misma muestra de participantes que en los dos previos, muestra cómo a partir de la determinación de variables relacionadas con la acumulación de ácido láctico y otras variables no-invasivas (frecuencia cardíaca y percepción del esfuerzo) medidas en una única prueba incremental submáxima realizada caminando y corriendo, es posible estimar con gran precisión (R2 = 0.85, p <0.001; SEE = 0.38 km·h-1) la velocidad correspondiente al máximo estado estable de lactato, comúnmente conocido como umbral anaeróbico. Esto ahorra tiempo, costes económicos y permite diseñar una intervención de ejercicio físico por medio de categorías de intensidad relativa apropiadas, así como cuantificar la dosis de AF realizada por los individuos, sin tener que someter a las personas a una prueba de esfuerzo hasta el agotamiento

    Medición de la actividad física relativa y de la intensidad del ejercicio físico mediante umbrales metabólicos en mujeres sanas y pacientes con cáncer

    Get PDF
    182 p.La presente tesis doctoral internacional se ha realizado en forma de compendio de 4 artículos publicados en revistas internacionales que abordan la temática de la intensidad relativa del ejercicio.Ante la falta de unanimidad en relación a la intensidad del ejercicio recomendada para pacientes con cáncer, el primer estudio recoge información detallada de pruebas de esfuerzo cardiopulmonares realizadas a 152 pacientes con cáncer, con el fin de ofrecer una guía de intensidad del ejercicio acorde a la capacidad cardiorespiratoria de esta población, y así evitar sobreesfuerzos o estímulos insuficientes al utilizar las guías de intensidad disponibles para la población general.Los dos siguientes estudios investigan en qué medida la individualización de las categorías de intensidad de la actividad física (AF) medida con acelerómetros difieren respecto a las categorías de intensidad absoluta ampliamente utilizadas en estudios epidemiológicos. Para ello, 75 mujeres postmenopáusicas realizaron una prueba de caminar-correr progresiva y submáxima, y sucesivas pruebas a velocidad constante monitorizadas con; un pulsómetro para medir su respuesta cardíaca, un acelerómetro para medir su actividad, un analizador de gases y de lactato para conocer su esfuerzo metabólico, y así establecer unas categorías de intensidad individualizadas en función de sus umbrales ventilatorios y de lactato. A continuación, cada participante recibió un acelerómetro triaxial, el cual lo portó adherido a la cadera durante una semana para conocer su dosis de AF semanal.El límite inferior de intensidad moderada en términos absolutos (3 equivalentes energéticos o METs) establecido por las grandes autoridades como el Colegio Americano de Medicina Deportiva (ACSM) para ofrecer recomendaciones de dosis de AF semanal, y para cuantificar el tiempo trascurrido en actividades moderadas y/o vigorosas (AFMV) por la población adulta, fue inferior a los umbrales metabólicos de las participantes del estudio. Como consecuencia, y conforme a lo esperado, al seleccionar las categorías de intensidad individualizadas, el tiempo promedio trascurrido en AFMV se redujo a la mitad en comparación a las categorías de intensidad estándares basadas en términos absolutos (3-6 METs). Sorprendentemente, a pesar de que las mujeres con mayor capacidad cardiorespiratoria (CCR) estuvieron ~1 h·día-1 menos en actividades sedentarias, registraron ~3000 pasos diarios más y estuvieron el doble de tiempo en AFMV en términos absolutos en comparación al grupo de menor CCR, estas diferencias desaparecieron al utilizar las categorías de intensidad de AF individualizadas, ya que ambos grupos estuvieron ~20 min·día-1 en AFMV en términos relativos. Por lo tanto, individualizar las categorías de intensidad de AF en acelerómetros respecto a los umbrales metabólicos es una manera más precisa y significativa de medir la AF, reduciendo el riesgo de subestimar o sobreestimar los niveles de AF y el porcentaje de personas inactivas, en comparación al método de intensidad absoluta ampliamente aceptado y utilizado.El último estudio realizado con la misma muestra de participantes que en los dos previos, muestra cómo a partir de la determinación de variables relacionadas con la acumulación de ácido láctico y otras variables no-invasivas (frecuencia cardíaca y percepción del esfuerzo) medidas en una única prueba incremental submáxima realizada caminando y corriendo, es posible estimar con gran precisión (R2 = 0.85, p <0.001; SEE = 0.38 km·h-1) la velocidad correspondiente al máximo estado estable de lactato, comúnmente conocido como umbral anaeróbico. Esto ahorra tiempo, costes económicos y permite diseñar una intervención de ejercicio físico por medio de categorías de intensidad relativa apropiadas, así como cuantificar la dosis de AF realizada por los individuos, sin tener que someter a las personas a una prueba de esfuerzo hasta el agotamiento

    Long-term stability of the oxygen pulse curve during maximal exercise

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    INTRODUCTION: Exercise oxygen pulse (O2 pulse), a surrogate for stroke volume and arteriovenous oxygen difference, has emerged as an important variable obtained during cardiopulmonary exercise testing. OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that the O2 pulse curve pattern response to a maximal cycling ramp protocol exhibits a stable linear pattern in subjects reevaluated under the same clinical conditions. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 100 adults (80 males), mean age at baseline of 59 + 12 years, who performed two cardiopulmonary exercise testings (median interval was 15 months), for clinical and/or exercise prescription reasons. The relative O2 pulse was calculated by dividing its absolute value by body weight. Subjects were classified into quintiles of relative O2 pulse. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing results and the O2 pulse curve pattern, expressed by its slope and intercept, were compared among quintiles of relative O2 pulse at both cardiopulmonary exercise testings. RESULTS: After excluding the first minute of CPX (rest-exercise transition), the relative O2 pulse curve exhibited a linear increase, as demonstrated by high coefficients of determination (R² from 0.75 to 0.90; p<0.05 for all quintiles). Even though maximum oxygen uptake and relative O2 pulse were significantly higher in the second cardiopulmonary exercise testing for each quintile of relative O2 pulse (p<0.05 for all comparisons), no differences were found when slopes and intercepts were compared between the first and second cardiopulmonary exercise testings (p>0.05 for all comparisons; except for intercept in the 5th quintile). CONCLUSION: Excluding the rest-exercise transition, the relative O2 pulse exhibited a stable linear increase throughout maximal exercise in adults that were retested under same clinical conditions

    Reduced Exercise Tolerance and Pulmonary Capillary Recruitment with Remote Secondhand Smoke Exposure

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    RATIONALE: Flight attendants who worked on commercial aircraft before the smoking ban in flights (pre-ban FAs) were exposed to high levels of secondhand smoke (SHS). We previously showed never-smoking pre-ban FAs to have reduced diffusing capacity (Dco) at rest. METHODS: To determine whether pre-ban FAs increase their Dco and pulmonary blood flow (Qc) during exercise, we administered a symptom-limited supine-posture progressively increasing cycle exercise test to determine the maximum work (watts) and oxygen uptake (VO2) achieved by FAs. After 30 min rest, we then measured Dco and Qc at 20, 40, 60, and 80 percent of maximum observed work. RESULTS: The FAs with abnormal resting Dco achieved a lower level of maximum predicted work and VO2 compared to those with normal resting Dco (mean±SEM; 88.7±2.9 vs. 102.5±3.1%predicted VO2; p = 0.001). Exercise limitation was associated with the FAs' FEV(1) (r = 0.33; p = 0.003). The Dco increased less with exercise in those with abnormal resting Dco (mean±SEM: 1.36±0.16 vs. 1.90±0.16 ml/min/mmHg per 20% increase in predicted watts; p = 0.020), and amongst all FAs, the increase with exercise seemed to be incrementally lower in those with lower resting Dco. Exercise-induced increase in Qc was not different in the two groups. However, the FAs with abnormal resting Dco had less augmentation of their Dco with increase in Qc during exercise (mean±SEM: 0.93±0.06 vs. 1.47±0.09 ml/min/mmHg per L/min; p<0.0001). The Dco during exercise was inversely associated with years of exposure to SHS in those FAs with ≥10 years of pre-ban experience (r = -0.32; p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: This cohort of never-smoking FAs with SHS exposure showed exercise limitation based on their resting Dco. Those with lower resting Dco had reduced pulmonary capillary recruitment. Exposure to SHS in the aircraft cabin seemed to be a predictor for lower Dco during exercise

    Exercise prescription when there is no exercise test: the talk test

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    The Talk Test is a subjective measure of exercise intensity which, like RPE, has come to be accepted as an alternative to objective measures (%HRR, %VO2max) for exercise evaluation and prescription. This paper reviews the history and indications for using the Talk Test as a tool for both exercise evaluation and exercise prescription. The Talk Test, in one form or the other, has a long history, dating from at least 1937. It appears to be robust relative to the method of provoking speech and to the exercise mode. In the most widely used version, the subject recites a standard paragraph of 30-100 words, and responds to the question ‘Can you speak comfortably?’ With answers of ‘Yes’ (POSITIVE), ‘Yes, but…’ (EQUIVOCAL), and ‘No” (NEGATIVE), the Talk Test appears to be able to identify exercise intensities closely associated with the ventilatory (VT) and respiratory compensation (RCT) thresholds, and to bracket subjects into %HRR intensities closely associated with the accepted exercise/training intensity guidelines, without the need for performing a maximal exercise test. The Talk Test appears to work well in a range of populations from college students, healthy adults, elite athletes to patients with chronic diseases. It also seems to be a valid and reliable marker of the presence of exertional ischemia. In a variety of populations, the Talk Test appears capable of being translated into absolute exercise training intensities, on the basis of a commonsense step down sequence. The Talk Test appears to work by allowing detection of when the suppression of breathing frequency, which is necessary for speech, begins to lead to CO2 trapping, which interferes with breathing comfort. Its response to disrupting stimuli such as stochastic exercise, exercise training and blood donation follow predictable patterns. Guiding exercise intensity using the Talk Test instead of %HRR provides comparable responses during exercise training, without the need for an anchoring maximal exercise test. In summary, the Talk Test seems to offer a considerable promise as a means of exercise evaluation and prescription, in a wide variety of exercising individuals, without the need for a preliminary exercise test
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