Drug Hepatotoxicity: Environmental Factors

Drug-induced liver injury presents as various forms of acute and chronic liver disease. There is wide geographic variation in the most commonly implicated agents. Smoking can induce cytochrome P450 enzymes but this does not necessarily translate into clinically relevant drug-induced liver injury. Excessive alcohol consumption is a clear risk factor for intrinsic hepatotoxicity from acetaminophen and may predispose to injury from antituberculosis medications. Understanding of the role of infection, proinflammatory states, disorders of coagulation, and the hepatic clock in predisposing patients to drug-induced liver injury is evolving. More study focusing specifically on environmental risk factors predisposing patients to drug-induced liver injury is needed

Overview of environmental factors

The orbital environment is complex, dynamic, and comprised of both natural and system-induced components. Several environment factors are important for materials. Materials selection/suitability determination requires consideration of each and all factors, including synergisms among them. Understanding and evaluating these effects will require ground testing, modeling, and focused flight experimentation

Correlation of Environmental Factors Associated with the Incidence of Diarrhea in Under-five in Indonesia : a Community Based Total Sanitation Approach Toward Achievement Millennium Development Goals

Background: Diarrhea is a worldwide health problem, especially in the developing countries. Based on WHO (2010) that 58% of under-five deaths were caused by infectious diseases, one on it was diarrhea. Based on Ministry of Health Indonesia (2011), 8.8 million child deaths in the world was 1,3 million caused by diarrhea in 2008, and more than 98% of it occur in 68 the developing countries. In Indonesia 5% of under-five deaths were caused by diarrhea (WHO, 2010). The purpose of this research is to analyze the association between environmental factors with the incidence of diarrhea in under-five.Method: The method used in documentation was by collecting the data from the results of research studies as well as supporting the secondary data sources. The data analysis was descriptive analysis technique.Result: The research results of Eralita (2001), showed that variables had significant correlation with diarrhea were clean water facilities OR=6.610, having latrine OR=2.896, waste water sewage facilities OR=5.967, and solid waste container facilities OR=3.746. The research by Sinthamurniwaty (2006), the risk factor that influence diarrhea in under-five was who do not use clean water source (OR = 2,208). Also, the research results of Rosyidi (2011) at District Lebong, Bengkulu Province showed the variable that associated was location of septic tank OR=4.934. It strengthened by the research of Santoso (2003) in the Sukarta City, that was discovered coliform content in water sources clean. This suggests the existence of contamination by feces as a source of diarrhea disease.Conclusion: There is association between a family privy with incidence of diarrhea, this indicates that environment pollution caused by faces as the source of diarrhea

Correlation of Environmental Factors and Diatom Assemblages in Akkeshi-ko Estuary System

The correlation between diatoms and environmental factor were studied in Akkeshi-ko estuary, easthern part of Hokkaido, Japan. This studied were aimed to clarify whether the dynamic and distribution pattern can be made by correlating for environmental variation and diatoms assemblages in an estuarine system. During this research, there are positive correlations between pelagic diatom abundance in water column (PDWC), depth and salinity (r = 0.623 and r = 0.652; respectively). There are positive relationship between nitrite + nitrate and the abundance of diatom on the surface sediment. Seasonal variation of the relationship between abundance of diatoms assemblages and ammonia, nitrite+nitrate and phosphate showed occurs in most stations, the high abundance of benthic and pelagic diatoms in summer followed by the increasing of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate and phosphate

Environmental Factors and Students\u27 Learning Approaches: a Survey on Malaysian Polytechnics Students

Several studies have shown the impact of environmental factors on student learning approaches. Despite the importance of such studies, studies on technical learners are few. Thus, this study aimed to determine the influence of learning environment on Polytechnics students\u27 learning approaches in Malaysia. Learning environment plays an important role in the cognitive, effective and social domains of students because it could improve students\u27 learning outcomes. Learning approaches refer to the ways students deal with academic tasks that are related to learning outcomes. This study used Course Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) and Revised Two-Factor Study Process Questionnaire (RSPQ-2F) to collect the research data. Data were analyzed using AMOS Version 18. Multiple regressions were conducted to predict learning environment factors that influenced the level of students\u27 learning approaches. The result shows that effective teaching is a major factor that influences students\u27 deep approach followed by the assessment, learning resources and clear objectives

Which environmental factors most strongly influence a street's appeal for bicycle transport among adults? : a conjoint study using manipulated photographs

BACKGROUND: Micro-environmental factors (specific features within a streetscape), instead of macro-environmental factors (urban planning features), are more feasible to modify in existing neighborhoods and thus more practical to target for environmental interventions. Because it is often not possible to change the whole micro-environment at once, the current study aims to determine which micro-environmental factors should get the priority to target in physical environmental interventions increasing bicycle transport. Additionally, interaction effects among micro-environmental factors on the street's appeal for bicycle transport will be determined. METHODS: In total, 1950 middle-aged adults completed a web-based questionnaire consisting of a set of 12 randomly assigned choice tasks with manipulated photographs. Seven micro-environmental factors (type of cycle path, speed limit, speed bump, vegetation, evenness of the cycle path surface, general upkeep and traffic density) were manipulated in each photograph. Conjoint analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Providing streets with a cycle path separated from motorized traffic seems to be the best strategy to increase the street's appeal for adults' bicycle transport. If this adjustment is not practically feasible, micro-environmental factors related to safety (i.e. speed limit, traffic density) may be more effective in promoting bicycle transport than micro-environmental factors related to comfort (i.e. evenness of the cycle path surface) or aesthetic (i.e. vegetation, general upkeep). On the other hand, when a more separated cycle path is already provided, micro-environmental factors related to comfort or aesthetic appeared to become more prominent. CONCLUSIONS: Findings obtained from this research could provide advice to physical environmental interventions about which environmental factors should get priority to modify in different environmental situations

Environmental factors shaping ungulate abundances in Poland

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

The Effects of Environmental Factors on the Dynamic Growth Pattern of Mangrove Avicennia Marina

Avicennia marina is a species of mangrove tree occurs in the intertidal zones of estuarine areas in Asia, including Indonesia. Mangrove within the genus member of Avicennia have long dominated many coastal areas along Semarang and Demak coasts. The aim of this research was to analyze the effect pattern of several environment parameters to Avicennia seedling growth rate. Observation was held by setting 8 stations with 3 transects, each including mangrove survey and environment parameter measurements. Mangrove survey including seedling and sapling stage occupying 1 x 1 m and 5 x 5 m transect plot respectively. While environmental factor measurements including on site measurement for temperature, salinity, pH and DO and laboratory analysis for organic matter, nutrient (N,P,K) and sediment structure. The results showed there were 2 effect pattern for environmental parameters observed including polynomial quadratic and logarithmic patterns. Parameters which had polynomial quadratic pattern including salinity, DO, P, sand and silt, while parameters which had logarithmic pattern were temperature, pH, organic matter and N

Analysis of Environmental Factors for Leptospirosis Cases in Tulungagung District

Leptospirosis merupakan penyakit zoonosis. Pada tahun 2012 ditetapkan Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) dengan ditemukannya dua kasus leptospirosis di dua kecamatan dengan satu kasus meninggal. Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis hubungan faktor lingkungan terhadap kejadian leptospirosis di Kabupaten Tulungagung. Rancangan penelitian yaitu cross sectional dilakukan melalui observasi lokasi, pengukuran lingkungan abiotik dan observasi kondisi rumah penduduk. Lokasi penelitian di Dusun Banjar, Desa Picisan RT 3 RW 1 Kecamatan Sendang, Kabupaten Tulungagung. Besar sampel sebanyak 50 rumah. Analisis data berupa analisis deskriptif dan statistik dengan uji Chi square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adanya sampah terbuka di depan atau belakang rumah berhubungan dengan kejadian leptospirosis dan mempunyai resiko 16,3 kali lebih besar dalam penyebaran leptospirosis. pH, salinitas dan kelembaban udara menunjang pertumbuhan bakteri Leptospira sp. pada badan air alami. Kata kunci: leptospirosis, Tulungagung, lingkunga