A Newcomer's Guide to EICS, the Engineering Interactive Computing Systems Community

[EN] Welcome to EICS, the Engineering Interactive Computing Systems community, PACMHCI/EICS journal, and annual conference! In this short article, we introduce newcomers to the field and to our community with an overview of what EICS is and how it positions with respect to other venues in Human-Computer Interaction, such as CHI, UIST, and IUI, highlighting its legacy and paying homage to past scientific events from which EICS emerged. We also take this opportunity to enumerate and exemplify scientific contributions to the field of Engineering Interactive Computing Systems, which we hope to guide researchers and practitioners towards making their future PACMHCI/EICS submissions successful and impactful in the EICS community.We acknowledge the support of MetaDev2 as the main sponsor of EICS 2019. We would like to thank the Chairs of all the tracks of the EICS 2019 conference, the members of the local organization team, and the web master of the EICS 2019 web site. EICS 2019 could not have been possible without the commitment of the Programme Committee members and external reviewers. This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, State Research Agency / European Regional Development Fund under Vi-SMARt (TIN2016-79100-R), the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha European Regional Development Fund under NeUX (SBPLY/17/180501/000192) projects, the Generalitat Valenciana through project GISPRO (PROMETEO/2018/176), and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through project DataME (TIN2016-80811-P).López-Jaquero, VM.; Vatavu, R.; Panach, JI.; Pastor López, O.; Vanderdonckt, J. (2019). A Newcomer's Guide to EICS, the Engineering Interactive Computing Systems Community. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction. 3:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1145/3300960S193Bastide, R., Palanque, P., & Roth, J. (Eds.). (2005). Engineering Human Computer Interaction and Interactive Systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. doi:10.1007/b136790Beaudouin-Lafon, M. (2004). Designing interaction, not interfaces. Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces - AVI ’04. doi:10.1145/989863.989865Bodart, F., & Vanderdonckt, J. (Eds.). (1996). Design, Specification and Verification of Interactive Systems ’96. Eurographics. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-7491-3Gallud, J. A., Tesoriero, R., Vanderdonckt, J., Lozano, M., Penichet, V., & Botella, F. (2011). Distributed user interfaces. Proceedings of the 2011 annual conference extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems - CHI EA ’11. doi:10.1145/1979742.1979576Graham, T. C. N., & Palanque, P. (Eds.). (2008). Interactive Systems. Design, Specification, and Verification. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70569-7Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems - EICS ’09. (2009). doi:10.1145/1570433Lawson, J.-Y. L., Vanderdonckt, J., & Vatavu, R.-D. (2018). Mass-Computer Interaction for Thousands of Users and Beyond. Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. doi:10.1145/3170427.3188465Lozano, M. D., Galllud, J. A., Tesoriero, R., Penichet, V. M. R., Vanderdonckt, J., & Fardoun, H. (2013). 3rd workshop on distributed user interfaces. Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems - EICS ’13. doi:10.1145/2494603.2483222Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on Distributed User Interfaces and Multimodal Interaction - DUI ’14. (2014). doi:10.1145/2677356Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems. (2019). doi:10.1145/3319499Tesoriero, R., Lozano, M., Vanderdonckt, J., Gallud, J. A., & Penichet, V. M. R. (2012). distributed user interfaces. CHI ’12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. doi:10.1145/2212776.2212704Vanderdonckt, J. (2005). A MDA-Compliant Environment for Developing User Interfaces of Information Systems. Active Flow and Combustion Control 2018, 16-31. doi:10.1007/11431855_2Vatavu, R.-D. (2012). User-defined gestures for free-hand TV control. Proceedings of the 10th European conference on Interactive tv and video - EuroiTV ’12. doi:10.1145/2325616.2325626Vatavu, R.-D. (2017). Beyond Features for Recognition: Human-Readable Measures to Understand Users’ Whole-Body Gesture Performance. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 33(9), 713-730. doi:10.1080/10447318.2017.1278897Wobbrock, J. O., & Kientz, J. A. (2016). Research contributions in human-computer interaction. Interactions, 23(3), 38-44. doi:10.1145/290706

Exploring unlikely errors using video games: An example in number entry research

A common and important feature of many safety critical interactive devices is number entry. In hospitals, number entry takes the form of setting drug parameters such as doses, volumes, etc. There are several ways a number entry interface can be designed - with different consequences for error and speed. Nurses and healthcare practitioners usually have to interact with different interfaces often under pressure and stress of taking care of patients with different health conditions. Error rates in practice are low, undetected error rates are even lower and obtaining the context in which the errors occur is often incredibly difficult due to poor logging systems in many medical devices and high cost of planning and conducting empirical studies. Laboratory based studies also suffer similar limitations in that, without interventions, error rates are also too low to study. This paper explores the benefits of using a gaming context to study safety critical systems. We argue that a game paradigm provides a way that overcomes many of the problems of studying low error rates in safety critical systems and specifically for number entry in medical contexts

Responsive and Personalized Web Layouts with Integer Programming

Over the past decade, responsive web design (RWD) has become the de facto standard for adapting web pages to a wide range of devices used for browsing. While RWD has improved the usability of web pages, it is not without drawbacks and limitations: designers and developers must manually design the web layouts for multiple screen sizes and implement associated adaptation rules, and its "one responsive design fits all"approach lacks support for personalization. This paper presents a novel approach for automated generation of responsive and personalized web layouts. Given an existing web page design and preferences related to design objectives, our integer programming -based optimizer generates a consistent set of web designs. Where relevant data is available, these can be further automatically personalized for the user and browsing device. The paper includes presentation of techniques for runtime adaptation of the designs generated into a fully responsive grid layout for web browsing. Results from our ratings-based online studies with end users (N = 86) and designers (N = 64) show that the proposed approach can automatically create high-quality responsive web layouts for a variety of real-world websites.Peer reviewe

In vivo and In vitro Metabolic Studies of Anabolic Steroids

The knowledge of drug metabolism is fundamental for scientific fields where a comprehensive understanding of steroid metabolism is of high relevance, including but not only limited to anti-doping studies, endocrinology, forensic toxicology, and safety assessment in drug development. This work concentrates on the metabolism of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) in both in vivo and in vitro models, with a specific focus on the AAS compounds testosterone (T), metandienone (MD), methyltestosterone (MT), clostebol (CLT), dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (DHCMT), and methylclostebol (CLMT) due to their structural similarities. It introduces new alternative models for studying AAS metabolism and provides valuable knowledge on metabolic properties based on chemical structural characteristics, offering the possibility for the enhancement of AAS detection. Firstly, in order to have a deep understanding of the A-ring reduction in MD, isolated enzyme assays (AKR1C2, AK1C3, ALR1C4, and AKR1D1) were performed. The results obtained substantiate the sequence of A-ring reduction in MD, as previously suggested in the literature [93, 136, 137], i.e., the 4,5-double bond is reduced first, then the 3 oxo group, and finally the 1,2-double bond. Moreover, it appears that AKR1C2, AKR1C3, and AKR1C4 exhibited varying stereoselectivity in catalyzing the 3-oxo reduction in 5α- or 5β-DHMD. AKR1C2 and AKR1C4 showed both 3α- and 3β-HSD activities, whereas AKR1C3 functioned as 3α-HSD only. The sequence of A-ring reduction provided valuable insights for the metabolic pathway analysis for subsequent in vitro studies in human skin cells. The metabolism of T, MT, CLT, and CLMT by keratinocytes and fibroblasts derived from human foreskins produced metabolites with partially or fully reduced A-ring. However, no metabolites of MD or DHCMT could be detected. The metabolite profiles suggest that 3α-HSD, 3β-HSD, and 5α-reductase activities play important roles in steroid metabolism by human keratinocytes and fibroblasts, whereas 17β HSD activity is weak. The stereochemistry of fully reduced metabolites (i.e., 3α,4α,5α-THCLT, 3β,4α,5α-THCLT, 3α,4α,5α-THCLMT, and 3β,4α,5α-THCLMT) of CLT and CLMT was newly identified and confirmed in this study. Differences in the chemical structures of compounds appear to affect A-ring reduction order and cellular metabolic capacities, especially the chlorine group at position 4. Keratinocytes appear to have a higher metabolic capability for compounds containing a chlorine substituent in position 4, whereas the opposite is true in fibroblasts. The medaka embryo model was used for the first time as an alternative model for in vivo studies of AAS. There were four metabolites detected after incubation of medaka embryos with MD, including 6βOH-MD and 5β-DHMD as well as tentatively assigned 18OH-MD and 16OH-MD. These metabolites have also been reported in previous human administration studies [136, 177, 180]. In comparison to the in vitro models, the medaka embryo model allows for simultaneous analysis of biotransformation and potential toxicity. Given the similar outcomes with human administration studies, medaka embryos may serve as an alternative model to identify potential metabolites for human biotransformation of doping-relevant compounds. Investigations on the metabolism of [13C3]-T and MT in the medaka embryo model show that the main metabolic reactions for both two substrates include hydrogenation of the 4,5-double bond and reduction of the 3-oxo function. Additionally, the oxidation of 17β-hydroxy group in [13C3]-T was also observed. The metabolites observed indicate the activities of steroid 5α-reductases, steroid 5β-reductases, 3α-HSD, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD in medaka embryos. 3β,5α- and 3α,5β-isomers were detected as the main fully reduced A-ring metabolites in both incubations. However, this study only showed preliminary results, further studies are necessary. In conclusion, appropriate in vivo and in vitro models were evaluated and used for metabolic studies of AAS. The findings presented in this thesis hold significant implications not only for doping control analysis, but also for other scientific areas where a comprehensive understanding of steroid metabolism is highly relevant, such as endocrinology, forensic toxicology, and safety assessment in drug development.Die Kenntnis des Wirkstoffmetabolismus ist von grundlegender Bedeutung für wissenschaftliche Bereiche, in denen ein umfassendes Verständnis des Steroidstoffwechsels von großer Relevanz ist, z. B. für Anti-Doping-Studien, die Endokrinologie, die forensische Toxikologie und die Sicherheitsbewertung bei der Arzneimittelentwicklung. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Untersuchung des Metabolismus von anabolen androgenen Steroiden (AAS) sowohl in in vivo- als auch in in vitro-Modellen, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf den Verbindungen Testosteron (T), Metandienon (MD), Methyltestosteron (MT), Clostebol (CLT), Dehydrochlormethyltestosteron (DHCMT) und Methylclostebol (CLMT) liegt. Es werden neue alternative Modelle für die Untersuchung des AAS-Stoffwechsels vorgestellt und wertvolle Erkenntnisse über die metabolischen Eigenschaften auf der Grundlage der chemischen Strukturmerkmale gewonnen, die eine Verbesserung des AAS-Nachweises ermöglichen. Um ein tieferes Verständnis der A-Ring-Reduktion in MD zu erhalten, wurden zunächst Tests mit isolierten Enzymen (AKR1C2, AK1C3, ALR1C4 und AKR1D1) durchgeführt. Die erzielten Ergebnisse bestätigen die Reihenfolge der A-Ring-Reduktion in MD, wie sie zuvor in der Literatur vorgeschlagen wurde [93, 136, 137], d.h. zuerst wird die 4,5-Doppelbindung reduziert, dann die 3-Oxo-Gruppe und schließlich die 1,2-Doppelbindung. Außerdem scheinen AKR1C2, AKR1C3 und AKR1C4 eine unterschiedliche Stereoselektivität bei der Katalyse der 3-Oxo-Reduktion in 5α- oder 5β-DHMD aufzuweisen. AKR1C2 und AKR1C4 zeigten sowohl 3α- als auch 3β-HSD-Aktivitäten, während AKR1C3 nur als 3α-HSD fungierte. Die Sequenz der A-Ring-Reduktion lieferte wertvolle Erkenntnisse für die Analyse der Stoffwechselwege für nachfolgende in vitro-Studien in menschlichen Hautzellen. Der Metabolismus von T, MT, CLT und CLMT durch Keratinozyten und Fibroblasten aus menschlicher Vorhaut produzierte Produkte mit teilweise oder vollständig reduziertem A-Ring. Es konnten jedoch keine Metabolite von MD oder DHCMT nachgewiesen werden. Die Metabolitenprofile deuten darauf hin, dass 3α-HSD-, 3β-HSD- und 5α-Reduktase-Aktivitäten eine wichtige Rolle beim Steroidmetabolismus durch menschliche Keratinozyten und Fibroblasten spielen, während die 17β-HSD-Aktivität gering war. Die Stereochemie der vollständig reduzierten Produkten (d. h. 3α,4α,5α-THCLT, 3β,4α,5α-THCLT, 3α,4α,5α-THCLMT und 3β,4α,5α-THCLMT) von CLT und CLMT wurde in dieser Studie neu identifiziert und bestätigt. Unterschiede in den chemischen Strukturen der Verbindungen scheinen die Reihenfolge der A-Ring-Reduktion und die zellulären Stoffwechselkapazitäten zu beeinflussen, insbesondere die Gegenwart eines Chlorsubstituenten an Position 4. Keratinozyten scheinen eine höhere Stoffwechselfähigkeit für Verbindungen mit derartigen Chlorsubstituenten zu haben, während bei Fibroblasten das Gegenteil der Fall ist. In dieser Arbeit wurde das Medaka-Embryo-Modell zum ersten Mal als alternatives Modell für in vivo-Studien von AAS verwendet. Nach der Inkubation von Medaka-Embryonen mit MD wurden vier Metaboliten nachgewiesen, darunter 6βOH-MD und 5β-DHMD, zusätzlich wurden 18OH-MD und 16OH-MD anhand ihrer Fragmentierung identifiziert und postuliert. Diese Metaboliten wurden auch in früheren Studien zur Verabreichung an den Menschen festgestellt [136, 177, 180]. Im Vergleich zu den in vitro-Modellen ermöglicht das Medaka-Embryo-Modell eine gleichzeitige Untersuchung der Biotransformation und der potenziellen Toxizität. Angesichts der vergleichbaren Ergebnisse mit Studien zur Verabreichung beim Menschen könnten Medaka-Embryonen als alternatives Modell zur Identifizierung potenzieller Metaboliten für die Biotransformation von dopingrelevanten Verbindungen beim Menschen dienen. Weitere Untersuchungen zum Stoffwechsel von [13C3]-T und MT im Medaka-Embryo-Modell zeigen, dass die wichtigsten Stoffwechselreaktionen für beide Substrate die Hydrierung der 4,5-Doppelbindung und die Reduktion der 3-Oxo-Funktion umfassen. Darüber hinaus wurde auch die Oxidation der 17β-Hydroxygruppe bei [13C3]-T beobachtet. Die beobachteten Metabolite weisen auf die Aktivitäten von Steroid-5α-Reduktasen, Steroid-5β-Reduktasen, 3α-HSD, 3β-HSD und 17β-HSD in Medaka-Embryonen hin. 3β,5α- und 3α,5β-Isomere wurden als die wichtigsten vollständig reduzierten A-Ring-Metaboliten in beiden Inkubationen nachgewiesen. Diese Studie zeigte jedoch nur vorläufige Ergebnisse, weitere Studien sind notwendig. Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden, daß geeignete in vivo- und in vitro-Modelle evaluiert und für Stoffwechselstudien von AAS verwendet wurden. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Ergebnisse sind nicht nur für die Dopingkontrollanalyse von Bedeutung, sondern auch für andere wissenschaftliche Bereiche, in denen ein umfassendes Verständnis des Steroidstoffwechsels von großer Bedeutung ist, z. B. für die Endokrinologie, die forensische Toxikologie und die Sicherheitsbewertung bei der Arzneimittelentwicklung

XRSpotlight: Example-based Programming of XR Interactions using a Rule-based Approach

Research on enabling novice AR/VR developers has emphasized the need to lower the technical barriers to entry. This is often achieved by providing new authoring tools that provide simpler means to implement XR interactions through abstraction. However, novices are then bound by the ceiling of each tool and may not form the correct mental model of how interactions are implemented. We present XRSpotlight, a system that supports novices by curating a list of the XR interactions defined in a Unity scene and presenting them as rules in natural language. Our approach is based on a model abstraction that unifies existing XR toolkit implementations. Using our model, XRSpotlight can find incomplete specifications of interactions, suggest similar interactions, and copy-paste interactions from examples using different toolkits. We assess the validity of our model with professional VR developers and demonstrate that XRSpotlight helps novices understand how XR interactions are implemented in examples and apply this knowledge in their projects

Orthogonal Analytical Approaches for the Investigation of Specific Metabolic Pathways of 17α-Methyltestosterone with the Focus on Hydroxylation Reactions

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are commonly used as performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in sports because of their anabolic effects. Nearly half of the adverse analytical findings (AAF) in 2019 are correlated to AAS misuse [83]. The metabolization process plays an essential role in the analysis of endogenous and exogenous steroids. Therefore, investigations on drug metabolizing and steroidogenic CYP enzymes are important in antidoping research. The most common reaction catalyzed by CYP enzymes in phase-I-metabolism is the introduction of a hydroxy group. Currently, analysis of AAS is mostly performed using GC-MS systems. These methods usually correlate with laborious sample preparation and extended run times compared to LC-MS(/MS) methods. On the other hand, LC-MS(/MS) methods have a lower separation efficiency than GC-MS systems. SFC, as an orthogonal analytical approach, was used to separate the hydroxy metabolites of MT. This project aimed to get a more in-depth look at the metabolization and analysis of MT, an AAS prohibited as PED in sport by the WADA [1], focusing on hydroxylated metabolites and the aromatization process. Therefore, reference material of 2αOHMT, 2βOHMT, and 4OHMT was synthesized and characterized by HRMS and NMR. In vitro studies with HLM, CYP2C19, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, and CYP19A1 and an in vivo study with one healthy male volunteer were conducted to investigate the formation of hydroxylated MT metabolites. Because existing and developed GC-MS(/MS) and LC-MS(/MS) methods could not separate the hydroxylated metabolites of interest, an SFC-MS/MS method was developed, which gave a good separation. SFC showed its orthogonality by means of the elution order 4OHMT>2βOHMT>2αOHMT>6βOHMT, which differed from GC (2βOHTM>6βOHMT>4OHTM>2αOHMT, as per-TMS) and LC (6βOHMT>2βOHMT>2αOHMT>4OHMT). Finally, the formation of 2βOHMT in HLM and CYP2C19 incubation were verified with synthesized reference material, where CYP2C19 may show the predominant way in its formation. Additionally, the presence of 2βOHMT after CYP19A1 incubation shows its influence in the aromatization of MT. Investigation of urine samples after MT administration showed the formation of 2βOHMT, 6βOHMT, and 4OHMT. However, all three metabolites were only detected to a maximum of 22 hours after the administration and in very low concentrations. Thus, hydroxylated metabolites of MT cannot be seen as superior metabolites over the classical MT metabolites 5αTHMT and 5βTHMT [45]. Future work may focus on developing an SFC-HRMS method to investigate the formation of unknown hydroxy metabolites. As only recently described by Savill et al., incubation studies with different cell lines may be a good alternative for in vivo studies with steroids [84]. Further, the synthesis and characterization of possible metabolite structures will be the next step in investigating the hydroxylated metabolome. Boldenone is the AAS with the majority of reported AAF according to the WADA Testing Figures [83]. Therefore, boldenone, or its corresponding 17-methyl analog metandienone, might be an interesting substance for this kind of study. In addition, further experiments on the aromatization of MT with 2βOHMT and 19OHMT as substrate, and the identification of 2β,19-dihydroxymethyltestosterone as intermediate with synthesized reference material are needed.Anabol androgene Steroide (AAS) werden aufgrund ihrer anabolen Wirkung häufig als leistungssteigernde Mittel (PEDs) im Sport eingesetzt. Fast die Hälfte der unerwünschten analytischen Befunde (AAF) im Jahr 2019 korreliert mit dem Missbrauch von AAS [83]. Eine wesentliche Rolle bei der Detektion von endogenen und exogenen Steroiden in Urinproben spielt die Metabolisierung. Daher sind Untersuchungen zu arzneimittelmetabolisierenden und steroidogenen CYP-Enzymen in der Antidopingforschung wichtig. Die häufigste Reaktion, die von CYP-Enzymen im Phase-I-Metabolismus katalysiert wird, ist die Einführung einer Hydroxygruppe. Die Analyse von AAS wird derzeit meist mit GC-MS-Systemen durchgeführt. Diese Methoden sind in der Regel mit einer aufwendigen Probenvorbereitung und längeren Laufzeiten im Vergleich zu LC-MS(/MS)-Methoden verbunden. Auf der anderen Seite haben LC-MS(/MS)-Methoden eine geringere Trenneffizienz im Vergleich zu GC-MS-Systemen. Die SFC als orthogonaler analytischer Ansatz wurde zur Trennung der Hydroxymetaboliten von MT verwendet. Ziel dieses Projektes war es, die Metabolisierung und Analyse von MT, einem von der WADA als PED im Sport verbotenen AAS [1], genauer zu untersuchen, wobei der Fokus auf hydroxylierte Metabolite und die Aromatisierung lag. Dazu wurde Referenzmaterial von 2αOHMT, 2βOHMT und 4OHMT synthetisiert und mittels HRMS und NMR charakterisiert. In vitro Versuche mit HLM, CYP2C19, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 und CYP19A1 sowie ein in vivo Versuch mit einem gesunden männlichen Probanden wurden durchgeführt, um die Entstehung von hydroxylierten MT-Metaboliten zu untersuchen. Da bestehende und entwickelte GC-MS(/MS)- und LC-MS(/MS)-Methoden nicht in der Lage waren, die hydroxylierten Metaboliten zu trennen, wurde eine SFC-MS/MS-Methode entwickelt, die eine gute Trennung ergab. Die SFC zeigte seine Orthogonalität an Hand der Elutionsfolge 4OHMT>2βOHMT>2αOHMT>6βOHMT, welche sich grundlegend von der GC (2βOHTM>6βOHMT>4OHTM>2αOHMT, als per-TMS) und der LC (6βOHMT>2βOHMT>2αOHMT>4OHMT) unterschied. Die Entstehung von 2βOHMT in HLM und CYP2C19 Inkubation mit wurde mit synthetisiertem Referenzmaterial verifiziert, wobei CYP2C19 offenbar den vorherrschenden Weg bei der Entstehung von 2βOHMT zeigt. Das Vorhandensein von 2βOHMT nach Inkubation mit CYP19A1 zeigt dessen Einfluss auf die Aromatisierung von MT. Die Untersuchung von Urinproben nach Einnahme von MT zeigte die Entstehung von 2βOHMT, 6βOHMT und 4OHMT. Alle drei Metaboliten wurden jedoch nur bis maximal 22 Stunden nach der Verabreichung und in sehr geringen Konzentrationen nachgewiesen. Somit können hydroxylierte Metabolite von MT gegenüber den klassischen MT Metaboliten 5αTHMT und 5βTHMT nicht als übergeordnet angesehen werden [45]. Zukünftige Arbeiten könnten sich auf die Entwicklung einer SFC-HRMS-Methode beschäftigen, um die Bildung von unbekannten hydroxylierten Metaboliten zu untersuchen. Wie erst kürzlich von Savill et al. beschrieben, können Inkubationsstudien mit verschiedenen Zelllinien eine gute Alternative für in vivo Studien mit Steroiden sein [84]. Die Synthese und Charakterisierung möglicher weiterer Metabolitstrukturen werden der nächste Schritt bei der Untersuchung des Phase-I-Metabolismus von MT sein. Boldenon ist das AAS mit den meisten berichteten AAF gemäß des WADA Testing Figures Report [83]. Daher könnte Boldenon oder sein entsprechendes 17-Methyl Analogon Metandienon eine interessante Substanz für diese Art von Studie sein. Zudem sind weitere Versuche zu der Aromatisierung von MT mit 2βOHMT und 19OHMT als Substrat, und die Identifizierung von 2β,19-Dihydroxymethyltestosterone als Zwischenprodukt mit synthetisierter Referenzsubstanz nötig

COMM Notation for Specifying Collaborative and MultiModal Interactive Systems

International audienceMulti-user multimodal interactive systems involve multiple users that can use multiple interaction modalities. Although multi-user multimodal systems are becoming more prevalent (especially multimodal systems involving multitouch surfaces), their design is still ad-hoc without properly keeping track of the design process. Addressing this issue of lack of design tools for multi-user multimodal systems, we present the COMM (Collaborative and MultiModal) notation and its on-line editor for specifying multi-user multimodal interactive systems. Extending the CTT notation, the salient features of the COMM notation include the concepts of interactive role and modal task as well as a refinement of the temporal operators applied to tasks using the Allen relationships. A multimodal military command post for the control of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) by two operators is used to illustrate the discussion

A User-Centered View on Formal Methods: Interactive Support for Validation and Verification

International audienceDuring early phases of the development of an interactive system, future system properties are identified (through interaction with end users e.g. in the brainstorming and prototyping phases of the development process, or by re-quirements provided by other stakeholders) imposing re-quirements on the final system. Some of these properties rely on informal aspects of the system (e.g. satisfaction of users) and can be checked by questionnaires, while other ones require the use of formal methods. Whether these properties are specific to the application under development or generic to a class of applications, the verification of the presence of these properties in the system under construc-tion usually involve verification tools to process the formal description of the system. The usability [26] of these tools has a significant impact on the V&V phases which usually remains perceived as very resource consuming. This posi-tion paper proposes the application of action theory to iden-tify complex aspects of verification and exploits it for iden-tifying areas of improvement

Xplain: an Editor for building Self-Explanatory User Interfaces by Model-Driven Engineering

International audienceModern User Interfaces (UI) must deal with the increasing complexity of applications in terms of functionality as well as new properties as plasticity. The plasticity of a UI denotes its capacity of adaptation to the context of use while preserving its quality. The efforts in plasticity have focused on the (meta) modeling of the UI, but the quality remains uncovered. This paper describes an on-going research that studies a method to develop Self-Explanatory User Interfaces as well as an editor that implements this method. Self-explanation makes reference to the capacity of a UI to provide the end-user with information about its rationale (which is the purpose of the UI), its design rationale (why is the UI structured into this set of workspaces?, what's the purpose of this button?), its current state (why is the menu disabled?) as well as the evolution of the state (how can I enable this feature?). Explanations are provided by embedded models