6 research outputs found

    Dissociation between the Activity of the Right Middle Frontal Gyrus and the Middle Temporal Gyrus in Processing Semantic Priming

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    The aim of this event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was to test whether the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and middle temporal gyrus (MTG) would show differential sensitivity to the effect of prime-target association strength on repetition priming. In the experimental condition (RP), the target occurred after repetitive presentation of the prime within an oddball design. In the control condition (CTR), the target followed a single presentation of the prime with equal probability of the target as in RP. To manipulate semantic overlap between the prime and the target both conditions (RP and CTR) employed either the onomatopoeia “oink” as the prime and the referent “pig” as the target (OP) or vice-versa (PO) since semantic overlap was previously shown to be greater in OP. The results showed that the left MTG was sensitive to release of adaptation while both the right MTG and MFG were sensitive to sequence regularity extraction and its verification. However, dissociated activity between OP and PO was revealed in RP only in the right MFG. Specifically, target “pig” (OP) and the physically equivalent target in CTR elicited comparable deactivations whereas target “oink” (PO) elicited less inhibited response in RP than in CTR. This interaction in the right MFG was explained by integrating these effects into a competition model between perceptual and conceptual effects in priming processing

    Decreased event-related theta power and phase-synchrony in young binge drinkers during target detection: An anatomically-constrained MEG approach

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    Background: The prevalence of binge drinking (BD) has been on the rise in recent years. It is associated with a range of neurocognitive deficits among adolescents and young emerging adults who are especially vulnerable to alcohol use. Attention is an essential dimension of executive functioning and attentional disturbances may be associated with hazardous drinking. The aim of the study was to examine the oscillatory neural dynamics of attentional control during visual target detection in emerging young adults as a function of BD. Method: Fifty-one first-year university students (18Âą0.6 years) were assigned to light drinking (LD, N=26), and BD (N=25) groups based on their alcohol consumption patterns. High-density magnetoencephalography (MEG) signal was combined with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an anatomically-constrained MEG model to estimate event-related source power in theta (4-7 Hz) frequency band. Phase-locked co-oscillations were further estimate between the principally activated regions during task performance. Results: Overall, the greatest event-related theta power was elicited by targets in the right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) and it correlated with performance accuracy and selective attention scores. BDs exhibited lower theta power and dysregulated oscillatory synchrony to targets in the rIFC which correlated with higher levels of alcohol consumption. Conclusions: These results confirm that a highly interactive network in the rIFC subserves attentional control, revealing the importance of theta oscillations and neural synchrony for attentional capture and contextual maintenance. Attenuation of theta power and synchronous interactions in BDs may indicate early stages of suboptimal integrative processing in young, highly functioning BDsThis study was supported by the projects SPI/2010/134 and SPI/2010/051 from the Spanish Ministry of Health and Social Politics (National Plan of Drugs), and the National Institutes of Health, US, (R01-AA016624)S

    Deconstructing the architecture of dorsal and ventral attention systems with dynamic causal modelling

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    Attentional orientation to a spatial cue and reorientation-after invalid cueing-are mediated by two distinct networks in the human brain. A bilateral dorsal frontoparietal network, comprising the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the frontal eye fields (FEF), controls the voluntary deployment of attention and may modulate visual cortex in preparation for upcoming stimulation. In contrast, reorienting attention to invalidly cued targets engages a right-lateralized ventral frontoparietal network comprising the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and ventral frontal cortex. The present fMRI study investigated the functional architecture of these two attentional systems by characterizing effective connectivity during lateralized orienting and reorienting of attention, respectively. Subjects performed a modified version of Posner's location-cueing paradigm. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) of regional responses in the dorsal and ventral network, identified in a conventional (SPM) whole-brain analysis, was used to compare different functional architectures. Bayesian model selection showed that top-down connections from left and right IPS to left and right visual cortex, respectively, were modulated by the direction of attention. Moreover, model evidence was highest for a model with directed influences from bilateral IPS to FEF, and reciprocal coupling between right and left FEF. Invalid cueing enhanced forward connections from visual areas to right TPJ, and directed influences from right TPJ to right IPS and IFG (inferior frontal gyrus). These findings shed further light on the functional organization of the dorsal and ventral attentional network and support a context-sensitive lateralization in the top-down (backward) mediation of attentional orienting and the bottom-up (forward) effects of invalid cueing

    Zusammenhang zwischen Gehirnaktivierung bei kognitiven Kontrollfunktionen und einem genetischen Polymorphismus des nikotinischen Acetylcholinrezeptors bei Nichtrauchern verschiedener Altersstufen

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    Genetische Varianten des sich auf dem CHRNA-4-Gen befindenden SNP rs1044396 sind mit Nikotinabhängigkeit und veränderten kognitiven Funktionen assoziiert. Das Gen kodiert für eine Untereinheit des nikotinischen Acetylcholinrezeptors, welcher beim Zigarettenrauchen durch Nikotin stimuliert wird. Das cholinerge System spielt neben dem dopaminergen Belohnungssystem eine große Rolle bei Mechanismen der Abhängigkeit und ist wichtig für die Ausübung kognitiver Kontrolle. Bei Patienten mit Nikotinabhängigkeit bestehen Defizite der inhibitorischen kognitiven Kontrollleistungen. Ziel der Arbeit war es, im Rahmen einer fMRT-Studie mögliche Zusammenhänge der genetischen Varianten des Polymorphismus mit veränderten inhibitorischen Funktionen und Aktivierungsunterschieden in spezifischen Gehirnarealen festzustellen, da bis zum Untersuchungszeitraum vorwiegend Assoziationen mit Aufmerksamkeitsfunktionen beschrieben waren. Dazu wurde in einem Kollektiv männlicher Nichtraucher im Alter von 18-35 und 55-75 Jahren ein modifizierter Flanker Task mit Messung von Interferenzkontrolle und Antworthemmung als Kernfunktionen der inhibitorischen Fähigkeiten durchgeführt und die Gehirnaktivitäten bei Absolvierung des Paradigmas gemessen. Die Ergebnisse der jungen und der alten Probandengruppe wurden vergleichend untersucht, da ein Einfluss des Alters auf die Funktion des Nikotinrezeptors und die Assoziation des SNP mit kognitiven Leistungen beschrieben war. Die Analyse der Verhaltensdaten zeigte keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Genotypen. Die Analyse der fMRT-Daten zeigte während motorischer Inhibition, jedoch nicht Interferenzkontrolle, Aktivierungsunterschiede zwischen den Genotypen im linken Nucleus Caudatus im Gesamtkollektiv sowie weitere Aktivierungsunterschiede zwischen den Genotypen in frontalen und parietalen Arealen im alten Probandenkollektiv. Dies liefert Hinweise auf durch genetische Unterschiede bedingte verschiedene Mechanismen der Ausübung kognitiver Kontrolle, welche bei Abhängigkeitsentwicklung aber auch Entstehung anderer psychiatrischer Erkrankungen eine Rolle spielen könnten

    Face processing and prediction in schizophrenia: a functional MRI study on repetition probability modulation of repetition suppression

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    Abnormal processing of faces, a salient and social stimulus class, is a feature of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. The major face processing areas are the fusiform face area (FFA), the occipital face area (OFA) and the dorsal-caudal region of the lateral occipital complex (LO). Hierarchical top-down prediction presumably from prefrontal areas to the occipitotemporal cortex relies on intact regional processing of faces. These feedback connections are thought to be disturbed in schizophrenia due to dorsolateral/medial prefrontal dysfunctions and/or prefronto-temporal disconnection. Recent studies in healthy subjects have suggested feedback connections between prefrontal and face-selective areas to be relevant in repetition probability (p(rep)) paradigms with predictive coding (PC) as underlying neural model. It is unclear, however, at which level of this processing hierarchy deficits in schizophrenia might emerge. In the present study, we tested hypotheses related to altered face perception in schizophrenia in a p(rep) paradigm. Our hypotheses were threefold: 1) Patients with schizophrenia (SZ) show altered BOLD (blood oxygenation level dependent contrast) responses to neutral faces in occipitotemporal face processing areas (FFA, OFA, LO) compared to healthy controls. 2) SZ show deficits in regional brain activation specific to the repetition suppression (RS) effect. 3) SZ show lower activation related to context modulation on RS as a correlate of impaired prediction.Die gestörte Verarbeitung von Gesichtern, als saliente und soziale Stimuli, ist ein Kernaspekt kognitiver Dysfunktion der Schizophrenie. Die für die Gesichter-Verarbeitung wichtigsten Areale sind das fusiforme (FFA), das okzipitale Gesichtsareal (OFA) und der dorso-kaudale Teil des lateral okzipitalen Komplexes (LO). Die hierarchische „top-down“ Vorhersage von (vermutlich präfrontalen) Arealen, hin zum okzipitotemporalen Kortex basiert auf intakter, regionaler Verarbeitung von Gesichtern. Diese Feedback-Verbindungen scheinen bei Schizophrenie gestört zu sein, basierend auf dorsolateral/medial präfrontalen Aktivierungsdefiziten und/oder gestörter präfrontotemporaler Konnektivität. Studien mit Gesunden teilen diesen Verbindungen in Paradigmen zur Wiederholungswahrscheinlichkeit (p(rep)), im Rahmen von Modellen des prädiktiven Kodierens (PC), eine wichtige Rolle zu. Es war bisher unklar, auf welcher Ebene der hierarchischen Verarbeitung die Defizite bei Schizophrenie auftreten. In dieser Studie wurden folgende Hypothesen in Bezug auf veränderte Gesichter-Wahrnehmung bei Schizophrenie im p(rep) Paradigma untersucht: 1) Patienten mit Schizophrenie (SZ) zeigen eine veränderte BOLD-Antwort (blood oxygenation level dependent contrast) auf neutrale Gesichter in okzipitotemporalen Arealen (FFA, OFA, LO). 2) SZ weisen Defizite in der wiederholungsbedingten Signalunterdrückung (repetition suppression, RS) auf, einem Charakteristikum regionaler Aktivität der Gesichtsareale. 3) SZ zeigen verminderte Aktivität hinsichtlich einer kontextuellen Modulation von RS als Ausdruck einer gestörten Vorhersage von Wiederholungen
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