Dual-polarized 28-GHz air-filled SIW phased antenna array for next-generation cellular systems

A high-performance dual-polarized eight-element air-filled substrate-integrated-waveguide (AFSIW) cavity-backed patch antenna array is presented. The antenna operates in the [26.5-29.5] GHz band and provides a stable high data-rate wireless communication link between end-user terminals and access points in next-generation cellular systems. Its topology is carefully selected to maximize the performance of the array. In addition, by combining the AFSIW technology with a new antenna architecture, a low-profile, low-cost, stable, and high-performance array design is guaranteed. A prototype was fabricated and validated, demonstrating a wide active impedance bandwidth over ±35 o scanning range and low-cross polarization level within the entire frequency band

Statistical Review Evaluation of 5G Antenna Design Models from a Pragmatic Perspective under Multi-Domain Application Scenarios

Antenna design for the 5G spectrum requires analysis of contextual frequency bands, design of miniaturization techniques, gain improvement models, polarization techniques, standard radiation pattern designs, metamaterial integration, and substrate selection. Most of these models also vary in terms of qualitative & and quantitative parameters, which include forward gain levels, reverse gain, frequency response, substrate types, antenna shape, feeding levels, etc. Due to such a wide variety in performance, it is ambiguous for researchers to identify the optimum models for their application-specific use cases. This ambiguity results in validating these models on multiple simulation tools, which increases design delays and the cost of deployments. To reduce this ambiguity, a survey of recently proposed antenna design models is discussed in this text. This discussion recommended that polarization optimization and gain maximization are the major impact factors that must be considered while designing antennas. It is also recommended that collocated microstrip slot antennas, fully planar dual-polarized broadband antennas, and real-time deployments of combined slot antenna pairs with wide-band decoupling are very advantageous. Based on this discussion, researchers will be able to identify optimal performance-specific models for different applications. This discussion also compares underlying models in terms of their quantitative parameters, which include forward gain levels, bandwidth, complexity of deployment, scalability, and cost metrics. Upon referring to this comparison, researchers will be able to identify the optimum models for their performance-specific use cases. This review also formulates a novel Antenna Design Rank Metric (ADRM) that combines the evaluated parameters, thereby allowing readers to identify antenna design models that are optimized for multiple parameters and can be used for large-scale 5G communication scenarios

Contributions to the design of broadband antennas and arrays for base stations for the new generation of mobile communication systems

El objetivo de esta tesis es el diseño de antenas y arrays de banda ancha para estaciones base en las nuevas generaciones de comunicaciones móviles. Los nuevos retos en los sistemas de comunicación tales como el aumento de dispositivos conectados y el Internet de las cosas (IoT), conlleva la aparición de nuevas generaciones de telefonía. Para hacer frente a ese desafío se necesitan nuevas estrategias para optimizar el espectro, aumentar el ancho de banda y las velocidades de transmisión. Aunque algunas técnicas son aumentar la frecuencia de trabajo desarrollando celdas más pequeñas y rápidas, esta tesis se centra en el otro enfoque, extender las bandas de frecuencia utilizadas en la actualidad. Este enfoque tiene algunas ventajas como una mayor penetración ofreciendo mejor cobertura en zonas aisladas, así como la coexistencia de las futuras redes 5G con los estándares 3G y 4G actuales. En una primera parte, se presentan diseños de elementos de antenas planares cumpliendo con los nuevos requisitos. La antena está diseñada y fabricada de una forma rentable y asequible, presentando una topología compacta y completamente plana. La idea principal para la consecución de los objetivos es la inclusión de dipolos acoplados incluidos dentro de la propia antena de forma antipodal para conseguir un diseño compacto y un patrón de radiación estable en toda la banda de funcionamiento. El diseño compacto y de doble polarización se logra en un elemento que trabaja en todo el ancho de banda frecuencial entre 1.427 y 2.69 GHz, la banda que aquí se presenta como Banda Ultra Ancha Extendida (ExtUWB). En segundo lugar, se desarrolla un estudio de diferentes formas de planos de masa o re ectores en el campo cercano del elemento. La inclusi ón de un plano de masa es necesaria para eliminar la radiación trasera y dar forma al haz de radiación para obtener una antena directiva con el ancho de haz deseado que permanezca estable dentro de toda la banda de trabajo. El punto clave a tratar es que el plano de masa o re ector al ser colocado en el campo cercano del elemento produce perturbaciones en el mismo, tanto en la adaptación como en su diagrama de radiación. A continuación, se propone la combinación de dos elementos para cubrir las dos bandas requeridas. El elemento ExtUWB para la banda 1,42 a 2,69 GHz se integra con nuevos elementos para la banda 690 a 960 MHz. Se estudia la integración de los elementos de ambas bandas en un mismo espacio físico para desarrollar una antena de estación base que proporcione cobertura en las dos bandas de forma conjunta. Finalmente, se propone la combinación de elementos en con guraciones de array para las nuevas bandas de 5G con el propósito de ser utilizados como estaciones base. La inclusión en array permite lograr diferentes propósitos: aumentar la directividad, cumplir con los requisitos generales de las estaciones base y obtener exibilidad para diferentes con guraciones de arrays. Se proponen distintos arrays con diferentes objetivos, estos arrays son con gurables para ser utilizados como estaciones base clásicas, pero también formando un nuevo sistema innovador de Massive MIMO con propiedades de haz orientable que no se ha presentado para la banda L hasta ahora.The objective of this thesis is the design of broadband antennas and arrays for base stations for the new generations of mobile communications. The new challenges in the communication systems such as the increase of connected devices, the amount of smart products, and the Internet of Things (IoT), has brought the arrival of new 5G systems. To deal with that challenge, new mobile communication systems need new strategies for optimizing the spectrum, increase the bandwidth and the data rates as it is required. Although some techniques are to increase the working frequency and develop faster and smaller cells, this thesis is focused on the other coliving approach, which is to extend the nowadays mobile communication operating bands. That approach has some advantages as higher penetration with deeper coverage, and the coexistence of future 5G networks with the existing standards. Firstly, some designs of planar antenna element following the new requirements are presented. The antenna is designed and manufactured in a cost-effective and affordable way presenting a compact and fully planar topology. The main idea to obtain the objectives is the inclusion of active embedded dipoles in the antipodal part of the antenna itself to achieve a compact design and a stable radiation pattern within the wide frequency band of operation. Compactness and dual polarized performance is achieved for working in the whole frequency bandwidth between 1.427 and 2.69 GHz, the band that is presented here as the Extended Ultrawideband (ExtUWB). Secondly, a study of different ground plane shapes or reflectors in the element near field is developed. A ground plane is needed to remove the back radiation and shape the radiation beam to obtain a directive antenna with the desired beamwidth that remains stable within the broadband frequency band. The key point to deal with is that the ground plane or reflector placed in the element near field disturbs both the matching and the radiation. Thirdly, the combination of two elements to cover both required bands is proposed. The ExtUWB element for the band 1.42 to 2.69 GHz is integrated with new elements for the band 690 to 960 MHz. Integration of both band elements in the same physical space for developing the base station antenna providing dual band coverage is studied. Finally, the combination of elements in array configurations is proposed for the new 5G bands with the purpose of been used as base stations. It allows to accomplish different goals: increasing the directivity, fufilling the overall base station requirements, and obtaining flexibility for different array configurations. Different arrays are proposed with different objectives, those arrays are configurable for being used as classical base stations, but also as a new innovative system of Massive MIMO with beamsteering properties that has not been presented for the L-band till now.Programa de Doctorado en Multimedia y Comunicaciones por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid y la Universidad Rey Juan CarlosPresidente: Carlos del Río Bocio.- Secretario: Luis Emilio García Castillo.- Vocal: David González Ovejer

Wideband Back-Cover Antenna Design Using Dual Characteristic Modes With High Isolation for 5G MIMO Smartphone

© 2022 IEEE - All rights reserved. This is the accepted manuscript version of an article which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2022.3145456A novel method of designing a wideband high isolated dual-antenna pair using dual characteristic modes (CMs)is presented for fifth-generation (5G) multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) smartphone applications. A set of orthogonal CMs resonating from the square-loop slot is first introduced and works for the lower band. Then, another set of orthogonal CMs resonating from the edge branches is introduced with a shared compact radiator and works for the higher band. In combination with two sets of degenerated CMs and a capacitive coupling feeding structure, the proposed dual-antenna pair achieves abroad impedance bandwidth and high isolation without the need for any external decoupling structures. Based on this dual-antenna pair, an 8×8 MIMO array is developed and integrated into the back cover of a smartphone, which realizes zero ground clearance on the system circuit board. To verify the design concept, prototypes of the antenna pair and MIMO array were fabricated and measured. It shows that experimental results agree well with the simulation results. More importantly, the presented 8×8 MIMO array has high isolation of more than 20 dBis achieved across the operating band of 3.3-3.8 GHz.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Design of high gain base station antenna array for mm-wave cellular communication systems

Millimeter wave (mm-Wave) wireless communication systems require high gain antennas to overcome path loss effects and thereby enhance system coverage. This paper presents the design and analysis of an antenna array for high gain performance of future mm-wave 5G communication systems. The proposed antenna is based on planar microstrip technology and fabricated on 0.254 mm thick dielectric substrate (Rogers-5880) having a relative permittivity of 2.2 and loss tangent of 0.0009. The single radiating element used to construct the antenna array is a microstrip patch that has a configuration resembling a two-pronged fork. The single radiator has a realized gain of 7.6 dBi. To achieve the gain required by 5G base stations, a 64-element array antenna design is proposed which has a bore side gain of 21.2 dBi at 37.2 GHz. The 8 × 8, 8 × 16, and 8 × 32 antenna array designs described here were simulated and optimized using CST Microwave Studio, which is a 3D full-wave electromagnetic solver. The overall characteristics of the array in terms of reflection-coefficient and radiation patterns makes the proposed design suitable for mm-Wave 5G and other communication systems.Dr. Mohammad Alibakhshikenari acknowledges support from the CONEX-Plus programme funded by Universidad Carlos III de Madrid and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 801538. In addition, this work was partially supported by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Gobierno de España (Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional -FEDER-, European Union) under the research grant PID2021-127409OB-C31 CONDOR. The authors also sincerely appreciate funding from Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R58), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia