Pragmatic Distribution Based Routing Cluster to Improve Energy Efficient Cluster lifetime for Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy consumed by the  sensor nodes are more sporadic in a sensor networks. A skilled way to bring down energy consumption and extend maximum life-time of any sensor present can be of evenly and unevenly distributed random area networks. Cluster heads are more responsible for the links between the source and destination. Energy consumption are much compare to member nodes of the network. Re-clustering will take place if the connectivity in the distributed network failure occurs in between the cluster networks  that will affects redundancy in the network efficiency. Hence, we propose  pragmatic distribution based routing cluster lifetime using fitness function (PDBRC) prototype  is better than the existing protocol using MATLAB 2021a simulation tool

Graded Reliance Based Routing Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper Graded Reliance based routing algorithm is proposed to deal with defective nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN’s).The algorithm is intended to validated or build evidence that, by dynamically learning from previous experience and adapting the changes in the operational environment the application performance can be maximized and also enhance operative agility. Quality of service and social network measures are used to evaluate the confidence score of the sensor node. A dynamic model-based analysis is formulated for best reliance composition, aggregation, and formation to maximize routing performance. The results indicate that reliance based routing approaches yields better performance in terms of message delivery ratio and message delay without incurring substantial message overhead

OELB - IH Algorithm for Secure Data Routing to Improve the Network Location Advisory Privacy Performance in WSN

Wireless network performance greatly depends on the number of factors such as output, delay packet delivery rate, packet drop rate, and many others. Each quality of service parameter greatly depends on other parameters also. However, the only obstacle which stops the performance achievement is security issues. In most cases, the adversary involves learning the network data to identify the routing strategy, data transmission strategy, and so on. When the adversary is capable of identifying the traffic and routing strategy, the adversary can perform different network. To improve the network performance and safeguard the network transmission using an Iterative heuristic algorithm, an efficient neighbor discovery-based security enhancement algorithm with Optimized Elastic Load Balancing (OELB) protocol is applied. In this Optimized Elastic Load Balancing Routing with Iterative Heuristic (OELB-IH) algorithm to provide secure communication in the sensor network. In this work, the Receiving Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) value to estimate the transmission support and transmitting signal range estimate to identify the nearest coverage nodes. The iterative heuristic algorithm performs tracking and seeking to achieve the node location and transmission error. In this OELB protocol, to identify the lower transmission path with lower energy consumption, it helps to multipath communication over the network. In this proposed has produced efficient results on security performance and throughput performance compared to other existing methods (SPAC, CPSLP, RRA)

Pragmatic Distribution Based Routing Cluster to Improve Energy Efficient Cluster lifetime for Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy consumed by the sensor nodes are more sporadic in a sensor networks. A skilled way to bring down energy consumption and extend maximum life-time of any sensor present can be of evenly and unevenly distributed random area networks. Cluster heads are more responsible for the links between the source and destination. Energy consumption are much compare to member nodes of the network. Re-clustering will take place if the connectivity in the distributed network failure occurs in between the cluster networks that will affects redundancy in the network efficiency. Hence, we propose pragmatic distribution based routing cluster lifetime using fitness function (PDBRC) prototype is better than the existing protocol using MATLAB 2021a simulation tool

Game Theoretic Solution for Power Management in IoT-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

[EN] Internet of things (IoT) is a very important research area, having many applications such as smart cities, intelligent transportation system, tracing, and smart homes. The underlying technology for IoT are wireless sensor networks (WSN). The selection of cluster head (CH) is significant as a part of the WSN's optimization in the context of energy consumption. In WSNs, the nodes operate on a very limited energy source, therefore, the routing protocols designed must meet the optimal utilization of energy consumption in such networks. Evolutionary games can be designed to meet this aspect by providing an adequately efficient CH selection mechanism. In such types of mechanisms, the network nodes are considered intelligent and independent to select their own strategies. However, the existing mechanisms do not consider a combination of many possible parameters associated with the smart nodes in WSNs, such as remaining energy, selfishness, hop-level, density, and degree of connectivity. In our work, we designed an evolutionary game-based approach for CH selection, combined with some vital parameters associated with sensor nodes and the entire networks. The nodes are assumed to be smart, therefore, the aspect of being selfish is also addressed in this work. The simulation results indicate that our work performs much better than typical evolutionary game-based approachesThe authors acknowledge the support of the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Research Fund 2019 for this work.Sohail, M.; Khan, S.; Ahmad, R.; Singh, D.; Lloret, J. (2019). Game Theoretic Solution for Power Management in IoT-Based Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors. 19(18):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183835120191

Emerging Communications for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks are deployed in a rapidly increasing number of arenas, with uses ranging from healthcare monitoring to industrial and environmental safety, as well as new ubiquitous computing devices that are becoming ever more pervasive in our interconnected society. This book presents a range of exciting developments in software communication technologies including some novel applications, such as in high altitude systems, ground heat exchangers and body sensor networks. Authors from leading institutions on four continents present their latest findings in the spirit of exchanging information and stimulating discussion in the WSN community worldwide

Designs for the Quality of Service Support in Low-Energy Wireless Sensor Network Protocols

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of small, low cost, and low energy sensor nodes that cooperatively monitor physical quantities, control actuators, and perform data processing tasks. A network may consist of thousands of randomly deployed self-configurable nodes that operate autonomously to form a multihop topology. This Thesis focuses on Quality of Service (QoS) in low-energy WSNs that aim at several years operation time with small batteries. As a WSN may include both critical and non-critical control and monitoring applications, QoS is needed to make intelligent, content specific trade-offs between energy and network performance. The main research problem is defining and implementing QoS with constrained energy budget, processing power, communication bandwidth, and data and program memories. The problem is approached via protocol designs and algorithms. These are verified with simulations and with measurements in practical deployments. This Thesis defines QoS for WSNs with quantifiable metrics to allow measuring and managing the network performance. The definition is used as a basis for QoS routing protocol and Medium Access Control (MAC) schemes, comprising dynamic capacity allocation algorithm and QoS support layer. Dynamic capacity allocation is targeted at reservation based MACs, whereas the QoS support layer operates on contention based MACs. Instead of optimizing the protocols for a certain use case, the protocols allow configurable QoS based on application specific requirements. Finally, this Thesis designs sensor self-diagnostics and diagnostics analysis tool for verifying network performance. Compared to the related proposals on in-network sensor diagnostics, the diagnostics also detects performance problems and identifies reasons for the issues thus allowing the correction of problems. The results show that the developed protocols allow a clear trade-off between energy, latency, throughput, and reliability aspects of QoS while incurring a minimal overhead. The feasibility of results for extremely resource constrained WSNs is verified with the practical implementation with a prototype hardware platform having only few Million Instructions Per Second (MIPS) of processing power and less than a hundred kBs data and program memories. The results of this Thesis can be used in the WSN research, development, and implementation in general. The developed QoS definition, protocols, and diagnostics tools can be used separately or adapted to other applications and protocols

A review of Energy Hole mitigating techniques in multi-hop many to one communication and its significance in IoT oriented Smart City infrastructure

A huge increase in the percentage of the world's urban population poses resource management, especially energy management challenges in smart cities. In this paper, the growing challenges of energy management in smart cities have been explored and the significance of elimination of energy holes in converge cast communication has been discussed. The impact of mitigation of energy holes on the network lifetime and energy efficiency has been thoroughly covered. The particular focus of this work has been on energy-efficient practices in two major key enablers of smart cities namely, the Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In addition, this paper presents a robust survey of state-of-the-art energy-efficient routing and clustering methods in WSNs. A niche energy efficiency issue in WSNs routing has been identified as energy holes and a detailed survey and evaluation of various techniques that mitigate the formation of energy holes and achieve balanced energy-efficient routing has been covered

The deployment of extra relay nodes around the sink in order to solve the energy imbalanced problem in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks are an emerging technology that has recently gained attention for their potential use in many applications such disaster management, combat field reconnaissance, border protection, object localization, harbors, coal mines, and so on. Sensors in these kind of applications are expected to be remotely deployed and to operate autonomously in unattended environments. Since sensors typically operate on batteries and are often deployed in harsh environment where human operators cannot access them easily, much of the research on wireless sensor networks has focused on the energy depletion in order to achieve energy efficiency to extend the network lifetime. In multihop wireless networks that are often characterized by many to one traffic patterns, it is very common to find problems related to energy depletion. Along the network, sensors experiment different traffic intensities and energy depletion rates. Usually, the sensors near the sink tend to deplete their energy sooner because they act as data originators and data relayers and are required to forward a large amount of traffic of the most remote sensors to the sink while the sensors located in the periphery of the network remain much of the time inactive. Therefore, these sensors located close to the sink tend to die early, leaving areas of the network completely disconnected from the sink reducing the functional network lifetime. In order to achieve equal power consumption at different levels of our network, we have decided to add extra relay nodes to reduce and balance the traffic load that normal nodes have to carry. As mentioned above, each level within the network faces a different amount of traffic, which becomes more intense as we approach the interior levels. This behavior causes that the external nodes, with less traffic to handle, stay more time at rest while the nodes in the inner rings face a great amount of traffic which forces them to be more active, generating a more accelerated exhaustion, reason why nodes located in the inner rings exhaust its battery faster causing the lifetime of the network to come to an end. This work presents a comprehensive analysis on the maximum achievable sensor network lifetime for different deployment strategies (linear, quadratic, and exponential ) in order to equalize the energy consumption rates of all nodes. More specifically the deployment of extra relay nodes around the sink in order to solve the energy imbalanced problem and guarantee that all nodes have balanced energy consumption and die almost at the same time