91 research outputs found
Statistical Texture Mean-Windowing Feature of Snake Identification
Snake identification has been explored in various domains such as the image processing domain. In Malaysia, many of the snake species are non-venomous but still dangerous to the human. Conventionally, snake identification is evaluated by collecting the information from the patient. However, it is very hard and difficult to recognize the venomous and non-venomous snake types. Also, doctors need to inject the anti-venom into the patient which produced the side effect. Therefore, this paper classified the venomous snake of Naja Kaouthia and other venomous snake species. All the image datasets have been captured at Malacca Butterfly & Reptile Sanctuary, Melaka. The statistical vectors are extracted by using the normalized mean-moving windows. The taxonomical statistical texture vectors of snake region features are classified using Tree, K-Nearest Neighbor, Support Vector Machine, and NaĆÆve Bayes classifiers. Results showed that most of the classifiers produced an accuracy rate of 100%
Output Effect Evaluation Based on Input Features in Neural Incremental Attribute Learning for Better Classification Performance
[[abstract]]Machine learning is a very important approach to pattern classification. This paper provides a better insight into Incremental Attribute Learning (IAL) with further analysis as to why it can exhibit better performance than conventional batch training. IAL is a novel supervised machine learning strategy, which gradually trains features in one or more chunks. Previous research showed that IAL can obtain lower classification error rates than a conventional batch training approach. Yet the reason for that is still not very clear. In this study, the feasibility of IAL is verified by mathematical approaches. Moreover, experimental results derived by IAL neural networks on benchmarks also confirm the mathematical validation.[[notice]]č£ę£å®ē¢[[incitationindex]]SCI[[booktype]]é»å
Biometrics
Biometrics-Unique and Diverse Applications in Nature, Science, and Technology provides a unique sampling of the diverse ways in which biometrics is integrated into our lives and our technology. From time immemorial, we as humans have been intrigued by, perplexed by, and entertained by observing and analyzing ourselves and the natural world around us. Science and technology have evolved to a point where we can empirically record a measure of a biological or behavioral feature and use it for recognizing patterns, trends, and or discrete phenomena, such as individuals' and this is what biometrics is all about. Understanding some of the ways in which we use biometrics and for what specific purposes is what this book is all about
Evolutionary Inference from Admixed Genomes: Implications of Hybridization for Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation
Hybridization as a macroevolutionary mechanism has been historically underappreciated among vertebrate biologists. Yet, the advent and subsequent proliferation of next-generation sequencing methods has increasingly shown hybridization to be a pervasive agent influencing evolution in many branches of the Tree of Life (to include ancestral hominids). Despite this, the dynamics of hybridization with regards to speciation and extinction remain poorly understood. To this end, I here examine the role of hybridization in the context of historical divergence and contemporary decline of several threatened and endangered North American taxa, with the goal to illuminate implications of hybridization for promotingāor impedingāpopulation persistence in a shifting adaptive landscape.
Chapter I employed population genomic approaches to examine potential effects of habitat modification on species boundary stability in co-occurring endemic fishes of the Colorado River basin (Gila robusta and G. cypha). Results showed how one potential outcome of hybridization might drive species decline: via a breakdown in selection against interspecific heterozygotes and subsequent genetic erosion of parental species.
Chapter II explored long-term contributions of hybridization in an evolutionarily recent species complex (Gila) using a combination of phylogenomic and phylogeographic modelling approaches. Massively parallel computational methods were developed (and so deployed) to categorize sources of phylogenetic discordance as drivers of systematic bias among a panel of species tree inference algorithms. Contrary to past evidence, we found that hypotheses of hybrid origin (excluding one notable example) were instead explained by gene-tree discordance driven by a rapid radiation.
Chapter III examined patterns of local ancestry in the endangered red wolf genome (Canis rufus) ā a controversial taxon of a long-standing debate about the origin of the species. Analyses show how pervasive autosomal introgression served to mask signatures of prior isolationāin turn misleading analyses that led the species to be interpreted as of recent hybrid origin. Analyses also showed how recombination interacts with selection to create a non-random, structured genomic landscape of ancestries with, in the case of the red wolf, the āoriginalā species tree being retained only in low-recombination ārefugiaā of the X chromosome.
The final three chapters present bioinformatic software that I developed for my dissertation research to facilitate molecular approaches and analyses presented in Chapters IāIII. Chapter IV details an in-silico method for optimizing similar genomic methods as used herein (RADseq of reduced representation libraries) for other non-model organisms. Chapter V describes a method for parsing genomic datasets for elements of interest, either as a filtering mechanism for downstream analysis, or as a precursor to targeted-enrichment reduced-representation genomic sequencing. Chapter VI presents a rapid algorithm for the definition of a āmost parsimoniousā set of recombinational breakpoints in genomic datasets, as a method promoting local ancestry analyses as utilized in Chapter III.
My three case studies and accompanying software promote three trajectories in modern hybridization research: How does hybridization impact short-term population persistence? How does hybridization drive macroevolutionary trends? and How do outcomes of hybridization vary in the genome? In so doing, my research promotes a deeper understanding of the role that hybridization has and will continue to play in governing the evolutionary fates of lineages at both contemporary and historic timescales
Adaptive detection and tracking using multimodal information
This thesis describes work on fusing data from multiple sources of information, and focuses on two main areas: adaptive detection and adaptive object tracking in automated vision scenarios. The work on adaptive object detection explores a new paradigm in dynamic parameter selection, by selecting thresholds for object detection to maximise agreement between pairs of sources. Object tracking, a complementary technique to object detection, is also explored in a multi-source context and an efficient framework for robust tracking, termed the Spatiogram Bank tracker, is proposed as a means to overcome the difficulties of traditional histogram tracking. As well as performing theoretical analysis of the proposed methods, specific example applications are given for both the detection and the tracking aspects, using thermal infrared and visible spectrum video data, as well as other multi-modal information sources
Learning visually grounded meaning representations
Humans possess a rich semantic knowledge of words and concepts which captures the
perceivable physical properties of their real-world referents and their relations. Encoding
this knowledge or some of its aspects is the goal of computational models of
semantic representation and has been the subject of considerable research in cognitive
science, natural language processing, and related areas. Existing models have
placed emphasis on different aspects of meaning, depending ultimately on the task at
hand. Typically, such models have been used in tasks addressing the simulation of behavioural
phenomena, e.g., lexical priming or categorisation, as well as in natural language
applications, such as information retrieval, document classification, or semantic
role labelling. A major strand of research popular across disciplines focuses on models
which induce semantic representations from text corpora. These models are based on
the hypothesis that the meaning of words is established by their distributional relation
to other words (Harris, 1954). Despite their widespread use, distributional models of
word meaning have been criticised as ādisembodiedā in that they are not grounded in
perception and action (Perfetti, 1998; Barsalou, 1999; Glenberg and Kaschak, 2002).
This lack of grounding contrasts with many experimental studies suggesting that meaning
is acquired not only from exposure to the linguistic environment but also from our
interaction with the physical world (Landau et al., 1998; Bornstein et al., 2004). This
criticism has led to the emergence of new models aiming at inducing perceptually
grounded semantic representations. Essentially, existing approaches learn meaning
representations from multiple views corresponding to different modalities, i.e. linguistic
and perceptual input. To approximate the perceptual modality, previous work has
relied largely on semantic attributes collected from humans (e.g., is round, is sour), or
on automatically extracted image features. Semantic attributes have a long-standing
tradition in cognitive science and are thought to represent salient psychological aspects
of word meaning including multisensory information. However, their elicitation
from human subjects limits the scope of computational models to a small number of
concepts for which attributes are available.
In this thesis, we present an approach which draws inspiration from the successful
application of attribute classifiers in image classification, and represent images and
the concepts depicted by them by automatically predicted visual attributes. To this
end, we create a dataset comprising nearly 700K images and a taxonomy of 636 visual
attributes and use it to train attribute classifiers. We show that their predictions
can act as a substitute for human-produced attributes without any critical information
loss. In line with the attribute-based approximation of the visual modality, we represent
the linguistic modality by textual attributes which we obtain with an off-the-shelf
distributional model. Having first established this core contribution of a novel modelling
framework for grounded meaning representations based on semantic attributes,
we show that these can be integrated into existing approaches to perceptually grounded
representations. We then introduce a model which is formulated as a stacked autoencoder
(a variant of multilayer neural networks), which learns higher-level meaning representations
by mapping words and images, represented by attributes, into a common
embedding space. In contrast to most previous approaches to multimodal learning using
different variants of deep networks and data sources, our model is defined at a finer
level of granularityāit computes representations for individual words and is unique in
its use of attributes as a means of representing the textual and visual modalities.
We evaluate the effectiveness of the representations learnt by our model by assessing
its ability to account for human behaviour on three semantic tasks, namely word
similarity, concept categorisation, and typicality of category members. With respect to
the word similarity task, we focus on the modelās ability to capture similarity in both
the meaning and appearance of the wordsā referents. Since existing benchmark datasets
on word similarity do not distinguish between these two dimensions and often contain
abstract words, we create a new dataset in a large-scale experiment where participants
are asked to give two ratings per word pair expressing their semantic and visual
similarity, respectively. Experimental results show that our model learns meaningful
representations which are more accurate than models based on individual modalities or
different modality integration mechanisms. The presented model is furthermore able to
predict textual attributes for new concepts given their visual attribute predictions only,
which we demonstrate by comparing model output with human generated attributes.
Finally, we show the modelās effectiveness in an image-based task on visual category
learning, in which images are used as a stand-in for real-world objects
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