Plasmonic Antennas Hybridized with Dielectric Waveguides

For the purpose of using plasmonics in an integrated scheme where single emitters can be probed efficiently, we experimentally and theoretically study the scattering properties of single nano-rod gold antennas as well as antenna arrays placed on one-dimensional dielectric silicon nitride waveguides. Using real space and Fourier microscopy correlated with waveguide transmission measurements, we quantify the spectral properties, absolute strength and directivity of scattering. The scattering processes can be well understood in the framework of the physics of dipolar objects placed on a planar layered environment with a waveguiding layer. We use the single plasmonic structures on top of the waveguide as dipolar building blocks for new types of antennas where the waveguide enhances the coupling between antenna elements. We report on waveguide hybridized Yagi-Uda antennas which show directionality in out-coupling of guided modes as well as directionality for in-coupling into the waveguide of localized excitations positioned at the feed element. These measurements together with simulations demonstrate that this system is ideal as a platform for plasmon quantum optics schemes as well as for fluorescence lab-on-chip applications

Programmable photonics : an opportunity for an accessible large-volume PIC ecosystem

We look at the opportunities presented by the new concepts of generic programmable photonic integrated circuits (PIC) to deploy photonics on a larger scale. Programmable PICs consist of waveguide meshes of tunable couplers and phase shifters that can be reconfigured in software to define diverse functions and arbitrary connectivity between the input and output ports. Off-the-shelf programmable PICs can dramatically shorten the development time and deployment costs of new photonic products, as they bypass the design-fabrication cycle of a custom PIC. These chips, which actually consist of an entire technology stack of photonics, electronics packaging and software, can potentially be manufactured cheaper and in larger volumes than application-specific PICs. We look into the technology requirements of these generic programmable PICs and discuss the economy of scale. Finally, we make a qualitative analysis of the possible application spaces where generic programmable PICs can play an enabling role, especially to companies who do not have an in-depth background in PIC technology

Active and Fast Tunable Plasmonic Metamaterials

Active and Fast Tunable Plasmonic Metamaterials is a research development that has contributed to studying the interaction between light and matter, specifically focusing on the interaction between the electromagnetic field and free electrons in metals. This interaction can be stimulated by the electric component of light, leading to collective oscillations. In the field of nanotechnology, these phenomena have garnered significant interest due to their ability to enable the transmission of both optical signals and electric currents through the same thin metal structure. This presents an opportunity to connect the combined advantages of photonics and electronics within a single platform. This innovation gives rise to a new subfield of photonics known as plasmonic metamaterials.Plasmonic metamaterials are artificial engineering materials whose optical properties can be engineered to generate the desired response to an incident electromagnetic wave. They consist of subwavelength-scale structures which can be understood as the atoms in conventional materials. The collective response of a randomly or periodically ordered ensemble of such meta-atoms defines the properties of the metamaterials, which can be described in terms of parameters such as permittivity, permeability, refractive index, and impedance. At the interface between noble metal particles and dielectric media, collective oscillations of the free electrons in the metal particles can be resonantly excited, known as plasmon resonances. This work considered two plasmon resonances: localised surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) and propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs).The investigated plasmonic metamaterials, designed with specific structures, were considered for use in various applications, including telecommunications, information processing, sensing, industry, lighting, photovoltaic, metrology, and healthcare. The sample structures are manufactured using metal and dielectric materials as artificial composite materials. It can be used in the electromagnetic spectrum's visible and near-infrared wavelength range. Results obtained proved that artificial composite material can produce a thermal coherent emission at the mid-infrared wavelength range and enable active and fast-tunable optoelectronic devices. Therefore, this work focused on the integrated thermal infrared light source platforms for various applications such as thermal analysis, imaging, security, biosensing, and medical diagnosis. Enabled by Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation, this work combined the concepts of material absorption with material emission. Hence, the results obtained proved that this approach enhances the overall performance of the active and fast-tunable plasmonic metamaterial in terms of with effortless and fast tunability. This work further considers the narrow line width of the coherent thermal emission, tunable emission, and angular tunable emission at the mid-infrared, which are achieved through plasmonic stacked grating structure (PSGs) and plasmonic infrared absorber structure (PIRAs).Three-dimensional (3D) plasmonic stacked gratings (PSGs) was used to create a tunable plasmonic metamaterial at optical wavelengths ranging from 3 m to 6 m, and from 6m to 9 m. These PSGs are made of a metallic grating with corrugations caused by narrow air openings, followed by a Bragg grating (BG). Additionally, this work demonstrated a thermal radiation source customised for the mid-infrared wavelength range of 3 μm to 5 μm. This source exhibits intriguing characteristics such as high emissivity, narrowband spectra, and sharp angular response capabilities. The proposed thermal emitter consists of a two-dimensional (2D) metallic grating on top of a one-dimensional dielectric BG.Results obtained presented a plasmonic infrared absorber (PIRA) graphene nanostructure designed for a wavelength range of 3 to 14 μm. It was observed and concluded that this wavelength range offers excellent opportunities for detection, especially when targeting gas molecules in the infrared atmospheric windows. The design framework is based on active plasmon control for subwavelength-scale infrared absorbers within the mid-infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Furthermore, this design is useful for applications such as infrared microbolometers, infrared photodetectors, and photovoltaic cells.Finally, the observation and conclusion drawn for the sample of nanostructure used in this work, which consists of an artificial composite arrangement with plasmonic material, can contribute to a highly efficient mid-infrared light source with low power consumption, fast response emissions, and is a cost-effective structure

Optical Yagi-Uda nanoantennas

Conventional antennas, which are widely employed to transmit radio and TV signals, can be used at optical frequencies as long as they are shrunk to nanometer-size dimensions. Optical nanoantennas made of metallic or high-permittivity dielectric nanoparticles allow for enhancing and manipulating light on the scale much smaller than wavelength of light. Based on this ability, optical nanoantennas offer unique opportunities regarding key applications such as optical communications, photovoltaics, non-classical light emission, and sensing. From a multitude of suggested nanoantenna concepts the Yagi-Uda nanoantenna, an optical analogue of the well-established radio-frequency Yagi-Uda antenna, stands out by its efficient unidirectional light emission and enhancement. Following a brief introduction to the emerging field of optical nanoantennas, here we review recent theoretical and experimental activities on optical Yagi-Uda nanoantennas, including their design, fabrication, and applications. We also discuss several extensions of the conventional Yagi-Uda antenna design for broadband and tunable operation, for applications in nanophotonic circuits and photovoltaic devices

Light manipulation through periodic plasmonic corrugations

textCollective oscillations of free electrons localized in a small volume have drawn a lot of attention for the past decades. These so-called plasmons have special optical properties that can be used in many applications ranging from optical modulators to sensing of small quantities of molecules. Large numbers of extensive plasmonic applications are being based on the capability of light manipulation proposed by the periodic nanostructure and its optical response. By controlling over the way in which plasmonic modes interact with incident radiation, periodic corrugation opens up the possibility of developing new and exciting photonic devices. The goal of doctoral research presented herein is to investigate at a fundamental level of several corrugated metallic structures which may offer effective control of the optical response by coupling radiation to plasmonic modes. By controlling morphologies and material compositions, sophisticatedly engineered nanostructure may allow the coupling of electromagnetic waves into desired spectral/spatial modes in a way that an effective tuning of macroscopic optical properties in desired domain can be achieved. This dissertation is dedicated to answer the following question, if and how one can manipulate the optical responses by use of different nanostructures and various materials. Based on devised analytical models proposed for various corrugated nanostructures, we show that I. spatial and II. spectral manipulation of light can be realized. Specifically, we investigate how the grating array interacts with light. To understand those periodic nanostructures showing inherently dispersive nature, firstly the diffraction of light and accompanying effects are studied with the analytical models and numerical simulation. On this basis, we show the optical response is readily tunable, and efficiently controlled by the morphology and dielectric property of the corrugations. The outline of doctoral research is broadly categorized into (1) theoretical considerations on the topic of plasmonics, (2) specific insight in the analytical model of the various nanostructures, and (3) investigation of the plasmonic properties of the fabricated structures. Lastly, the discussion of outlook to possibilities and future experiments will close the dissertation.Electrical and Computer Engineerin

Breaking Symmetry: A Study of Novel Phenomena in Asymmetric Nanoplasmonic Systems

Offering tailorable optical properties not achievable with symmetric or periodic optical materials, chiral, weakly disordered, deterministic aperiodic, quasiperiodic and random structures make up a new wave of asymmetric optical systems demonstrating unprecedented control of light compared to their periodic counterparts in areas such as random lasing, imaging, and bio-sensing. The governing physics of asymmetric systems is, however, not as analytically intuitive and computationally straightforward as periodic or highly symmetric systems, and thus the availability of simple analytic and computational design tools has made periodic systems an attractive option for many optical applications. For example, plasmonic systems consisting of periodic arrays of achiral metallic sub-wavelength scatterers, referred to as metasurfaces, can manipulate the phase front of light waves over nanometer scale distances. This is possible due to the plasmonic confinement of light to sub-wavelength dimensions. In Part I of this work, a novel class of plasmonic aperiodic metasurfaces is introduced exhibiting novel functionalities not possible in their periodic counterparts. Freeing the design process from time costly FDTD simulations, the development of an analytically intuitive model describing interference at a slit-aperture between directly incident light and surface plasmon polaritons arriving from nearby illuminated grooves has enabled the speedy design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of aperiodic slit-grooved plasmonic devices with easily tunable angle-dependent multi-spectral responses. These devices, constituting part of a new and novel class of aperiodic systems referred to as aperiodic-by-design, have lateral dimensions ≤ 10 μm and consist of a sub-wavelength slit (circular) aperture surrounded by grooves (semi-annular rings) on an opaque metal film. Each groove is individually optimized for position, width, and depth in order to achieve a specific desired multi-spectral response. Part II of this work explores the chiroptical (CO) response of optical media. The potential several-orders of magnitude plasmonic enhancement of the weak circular dichroism (CD) response of natural molecules has generated a plethora of research interest and publications describing the so-called CD response of plasmonic systems. However, this work demonstrates, through the development of a generalized coupled-oscillator (GCO) model, the presence of other CO responses not related to CD. Closed-form analytic expressions for various CO response types are developed within the GCO model, and characteristics of each type are highlighted. This work both demonstrates the necessity of careful interpretation of CO measurements and provides tools for distinguishing between the response types. The GCO model unifies, for the first time, many of the separately observed chiral-optical phenomena into a single theoretical framework. The results presented in this dissertation testify to the novel and seemingly exotic behaviors of asymmetric plasmonic systems. The in-depth analysis of the systems provided in this work emphasizes the fundamental origins of these behaviors, providing a clear roadmap towards the development of a new generation of optical devices with functionalities extending beyond the existing state-of-the-art technologies

Principles, fundamentals, and applications of programmable integrated photonics

[EN] Programmable integrated photonics is an emerging new paradigm that aims at designing common integrated optical hardware resource configurations, capable of implementing an unconstrained variety of functionalities by suitable programming, following a parallel but not identical path to that of integrated electronics in the past two decades of the last century. Programmable integrated photonics is raising considerable interest, as it is driven by the surge of a considerable number of new applications in the fields of telecommunications, quantum information processing, sensing, and neurophotonics, calling for flexible, reconfigurable, low-cost, compact, and low-power-consuming devices that can cooperate with integrated electronic devices to overcome the limitation expected by the demise of Moore¿s Law. Integrated photonic devices exploiting full programmability are expected to scale from application-specific photonic chips (featuring a relatively low number of functionalities) up to very complex application-agnostic complex subsystems much in the same way as field programmable gate arrays and microprocessors operate in electronics. Two main differences need to be considered. First, as opposed to integrated electronics, programmable integrated photonics will carry analog operations over the signals to be processed. Second, the scale of integration density will be several orders of magnitude smaller due to the physical limitations imposed by the wavelength ratio of electrons and light wave photons. The success of programmable integrated photonics will depend on leveraging the properties of integrated photonic devices and, in particular, on research into suitable interconnection hardware architectures that can offer a very high spatial regularity as well as the possibility of independently setting (with a very low power consumption) the interconnection state of each connecting element. Integrated multiport interferometers and waveguide meshes provide regular and periodic geometries, formed by replicating unit elements and cells, respectively. In the case of waveguide meshes, the cells can take the form of a square, hexagon, or triangle, among other configurations. Each side of the cell is formed by two integrated waveguides connected by means of a Mach¿Zehnder interferometer or a tunable directional coupler that can be operated by means of an output control signal as a crossbar switch or as a variable coupler with independent power division ratio and phase shift. In this paper, we provide the basic foundations and principles behind the construction of these complex programmable circuits. We also review some practical aspects that limit the programming and scalability of programmable integrated photonics and provide an overview of some of the most salient applications demonstrated so far.European Research Council; Conselleria d'Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades; European Cooperation in Science and Technology; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme.Pérez-López, D.; Gasulla Mestre, I.; Dasmahapatra, P.; Capmany Francoy, J. (2020). Principles, fundamentals, and applications of programmable integrated photonics. Advances in Optics and Photonics. 12(3):709-786. https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.387155709786123Lyke, J. C., Christodoulou, C. G., Vera, G. A., & Edwards, A. H. (2015). An Introduction to Reconfigurable Systems. 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