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Mobile Audiovisual Terminal: System Design and Subjective Testing in DECT and UMTS networks
It is anticipated that there will shortly be a requirement
for multimedia terminals that operate via mobile
communications systems. This paper presents a functional specification
for such a terminal operating at 32 kb/s in a digital
European cordless telecommunications (DECT) and universal
mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) radio network. A terminal
has been built, based on a PC with digital signal processor
(DSP) boards for audio and video coding and decoding. Speech
coding is by a phonetically driven code-excited linear prediction
(CELP) speech coder and video coding by a block-oriented hybrid
discrete cosine transform (DCT) coder. Separate channel coding
is provided for the audio and video data. The paper describes the
techniques used for audio and video coding, channel coding, and
synchronization. Methods of subjective testing in a DECT network
and in a UMTS network are also described. These consisted of
subjective tests of first impressions of the mobile audioâvisual
terminal (MAVT) quality, interactive tests, and the completion
of an exit questionnaire. The test results showed that the quality
of the audio was sufficiently good for comprehension and the
video was sufficiently good for following and repeating simple
mechanical tasks. However, the quality of the MAVT was not
good enough for general use where high-quality audio and video
was needed, especially when transmission was in a noisy radio
environment
Improved quality block-based low bit rate video coding.
The aim of this research is to develop algorithms for enhancing the subjective quality and coding efficiency of standard block-based video coders. In the past few years, numerous video coding standards based on motion-compensated block-transform structure have been established where block-based motion estimation is used for reducing the correlation between consecutive images and block transform is used for coding the resulting motion-compensated residual images. Due to the use of predictive differential coding and variable length coding techniques, the output data rate exhibits extreme fluctuations. A rate control algorithm is devised for achieving a stable output data rate. This rate control algorithm, which is essentially a bit-rate estimation algorithm, is then employed in a bit-allocation algorithm for improving the visual quality of the coded images, based on some prior knowledge of the images. Block-based hybrid coders achieve high compression ratio mainly due to the employment of a motion estimation and compensation stage in the coding process. The conventional bit-allocation strategy for these coders simply assigns the bits required by the motion vectors and the rest to the residual image. However, at very low bit-rates, this bit-allocation strategy is inadequate as the motion vector bits takes up a considerable portion of the total bit-rate. A rate-constrained selection algorithm is presented where an analysis-by-synthesis approach is used for choosing the best motion vectors in term of resulting bit rate and image quality. This selection algorithm is then implemented for mode selection. A simple algorithm based on the above-mentioned bit-rate estimation algorithm is developed for the latter to reduce the computational complexity. For very low bit-rate applications, it is well-known that block-based coders suffer from blocking artifacts. A coding mode is presented for reducing these annoying artifacts by coding a down-sampled version of the residual image with a smaller quantisation step size. Its applications for adaptive source/channel coding and for coding fast changing sequences are examined
MASCOT : metadata for advanced scalable video coding tools : final report
The goal of the MASCOT project was to develop new video coding schemes and tools that provide both an increased coding efficiency as well as extended scalability features compared to technology that was available at the beginning of the project. Towards that goal the following tools would be used: - metadata-based coding tools; - new spatiotemporal decompositions; - new prediction schemes. Although the initial goal was to develop one single codec architecture that was able to combine all new coding tools that were foreseen when the project was formulated, it became clear that this would limit the selection of the new tools. Therefore the consortium decided to develop two codec frameworks within the project, a standard hybrid DCT-based codec and a 3D wavelet-based codec, which together are able to accommodate all tools developed during the course of the project
Rapid prototyping from algorithm to FPGA prototype
Abstract. Wireless data usage continuously increases in todayâs world setting higher requirements for wireless networks. Ever increasing requirements result in more complex hardware (HW) implementation, especially telecommunication System-on-Chips (SoC) performance is playing a key-role in this development. Complexity increases design workload, therefore, it makes design flow times longer. High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools have been designed to automate and accelerate design by moving manual work on a higher level.
This Masterâs Thesis studies MathWorks HLS workflow usage for rapid prototyping of Wireless Communication SoC Intellectual Property (IP). This thesis introduces design and FPGA prototyping flow of Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). It presents good design practices targeted for HLS. It also studies MathWorks Hardware Description Language (HDL) generation flow with HDL Coder, possible problems during the flow and solutions to overcome the problems. The HLS flow is examined with an example design that scales and limits the power of IQ-data. This work verifies the design in a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) environment. It concentrates on evaluating the usage and benefits of MathWorks HLS workflow targeted for rapid prototyping of SoCs.
The Example IP is a Simulink model containing MATLAB algorithms and System Objects. The design is optimized on algorithm level and synthesized into VHDL. The generated Register-Transfer Level (RTL) is verified in co-simulation against the algorithm model. Optimization and verification methods are evaluated. The HDL model is further processed through logic-synthesis using the 3rd party synthesis tool run automatically with a script created by MathWorks workflow. The generated design is tested on FPGA with FPGA-in-the-loop simulation configuration. FPGA prototyping flow benefits for rapid prototyping are evaluated.
Coding styles to generate synthesizable HDL code and simulation methods to improve simulation speed of hardware-like algorithm were discussed. MathWorks HLS workflow was evaluated for rapid prototype purposes from algorithm to FPGA. Optimization methods and capability for production quality RTL for ASIC target were also discussed.
MathWorksâ tool flow provided promising results for rapid prototyping. It generated human-readable HDL that was successfully synthesized on FPGA. The FPGA model was simulated in FPGA-in-the-loop configuration successfully. It also provided good area and speed results for the ASIC target when the algorithm was written strictly from the hardware perspective. The process was found to be distinct and efficient.Nopea prototypointi algoritmista FPGA-prototyypiksi. TiivistelmĂ€. Langattoman datan kĂ€yttö kasvaa jatkuvasti nykymaailmassa ja asettaa korkeammat vaatimukset langattomille verkoille. Kasvavat vaatimukset tekevĂ€t laitteistototeutuksesta kompleksisempaa, erityisesti tietoliikenteessĂ€ kĂ€ytettĂ€vien jĂ€rjestelmĂ€piirien (SoC) tehokkuus on avainasemassa. TĂ€mĂ€ kasvattaa suunnittelun työmÀÀrÀÀ ja nĂ€in ollen suunnitteluvuohon kuluva aika pidentyy. Korkean tason synteesi (HLS) on kehitetty automatisoimaan ja nopeuttamaan digitaalisuunnittelua siirtĂ€mĂ€llĂ€ manuaalista työtĂ€ korkeammalle tasolle.
TÀmÀ diplomityö tutkii MathWorks:n HLS-vuon kÀyttöÀ langattomaan viestintÀÀn suunniteltavien SoC:ien tekijÀnoikeudenalaisten standardoitujen lohkojen (IP) nopeaan prototypointiin. Työ esittelee perinteisen asiakaspiirin (ASIC) suunnitteluvuon, FPGA-prototypointivuon ja suunnitteluperiaatteet HLS:ÀÀ varten. TyössÀ kÀydÀÀn lÀpi MathWorks:n laitteistokuvauskielen (HDL) generointivuo HDL Coder:lla, mahdollisia ongelmakohtia vuossa ja ratkaisuja ongelmiin. HLS-vuota tutkitaan esimerkkimallin avulla, joka skaalaa ja rajoittaa IQ-datan tehoa. Esimerkkimallin toiminta tarkistetaan ohjelmoitavan logiikkapiirin (FPGA) kanssa. Työ keskittyy arvioimaan MathWorks:n HLS-vuon kÀyttöÀ ja hyötyÀ nopeaan prototypointiin SoC:ien kehityksessÀ.
EsimerkkinÀ kÀytetÀÀn Simulink-mallia, joka sisÀltÀÀ MATLAB-funktioita ja System Object-olioita. Algoritmitasolla optimoitu malli syntesoidaan VHDL:ksi ja rekisterinsiirtotason (RTL) mallin toiminta tarkistetaan yhteissimulaatiolla alkuperÀistÀ algoritmimallia vasten. Optimointi- ja verifiointimenetelmien toimivuutta ja tehokkuutta arvioidaan. Generoitu HDL-malli syntesoidaan kolmannen osapuolen logiikkasynteesi-työkalulla, joka kÀynnistetÀÀn MathWorks:n työkaluvuon generoimalla komentosarjalla. Luotu malli ohjelmoidaan FPGA:lle ja sen toiminta tarkistetaan FPGA-simulaatiolla.
Syntesoituvan HDL-koodin generointiin vaadittavia koodaustyylejÀ ja algoritmimallin simulointinopeutta parantavia menetelmiÀ tutkittiin. MathWorks:n HLS-vuon soveltuvuutta nopeaan prototypointiin algoritmista FPGA-prototyypiksi pohdittiin. LisÀksi optimointimenetelmiÀ ja vuon soveltuvuutta tuotantolaatuisen RTL:n generoimiseen arvioitiin.
MathWorks:n työkaluvuo osoitti lupaavia tuloksia nopean prototypoinnin nÀkökulmasta. Se loi luettavaa HDL-koodia, joka syntesoitui FPGA:lle. Malli ajettiin onnistuneesti FPGA:lla. Vuon avulla saavutettiin hyviÀ tuloksia pinta-alan ja nopeuden suhteen, kun malli optimoitiin asiakaspiirille. TÀmÀ vaati mallin kuvaamista tarkasti laitteiston nÀkökulmasta. Prosessi oli kokonaisuudessaan selkeÀ ja tehokas
Scalable and perceptual audio compression
This thesis deals with scalable perceptual audio compression. Two scalable perceptual solutions as well as a scalable to lossless solution are proposed and investigated. One of the scalable perceptual solutions is built around sinusoidal modelling of the audio signal whilst the other is built on a transform coding paradigm. The scalable coders are shown to scale both in a waveform matching manner as well as a psychoacoustic manner. In order to measure the psychoacoustic scalability of the systems investigated in this thesis, the similarity between the original signal\u27s psychoacoustic parameters and that of the synthesized signal are compared. The psychoacoustic parameters used are loudness, sharpness, tonahty and roughness. This analysis technique is a novel method used in this thesis and it allows an insight into the perceptual distortion that has been introduced by any coder analyzed in this manner
Compressed television transmission: A market survey
NASA's compressed television transmission technology is described, and its potential market is considered; a market that encompasses teleconferencing, remote medical diagnosis, patient monitoring, transit station surveillance, as well as traffic management and control. In addition, current and potential television transmission systems and their costs and potential manufacturers are considered
Design of a digital compression technique for shuttle television
The determination of the performance and hardware complexity of data compression algorithms applicable to color television signals, were studied to assess the feasibility of digital compression techniques for shuttle communications applications. For return link communications, it is shown that a nonadaptive two dimensional DPCM technique compresses the bandwidth of field-sequential color TV to about 13 MBPS and requires less than 60 watts of secondary power. For forward link communications, a facsimile coding technique is recommended which provides high resolution slow scan television on a 144 KBPS channel. The onboard decoder requires about 19 watts of secondary power
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