Diagnostic Imaging Methods in Mammology

Bakalářská práce se zabývá problematikou zobrazovacích metod v mamologii. V teoretické části jsou popsány jednotlivé diagnostické zobrazovací metody dostupné v České republice. Dále jsou v této části uvedeny navazující intervenční výkony a následné lokalizační techniky. Náplní praktické části je porovnání vybraných diagnostických zobrazovacích metod na základě shromážděných informací. Porovnávány jsou mezi sebou mamografické vyšetření, ultrasonografie, magnetická rezonance a výpočetní tomografie. Tyto metody jsou porovnány z hlediska věkového rozmezí pacientek, časové náročnosti vyšetření, ceny vyšetření a ceny přístroje, v neposlední řadě je zde popsán komfort vyšetření. Následně je popsána také úloha radiologického asistenta při jednotlivých vyšetřeních a také jeho úloha při intervenčních výkonech. K vyhodnocení porovnávaných hledisek je použita SWOT analýza, která zohledňuje silné a slabé stránky, dále příležitosti a hrozby jednotlivých diagnostických zobrazovacích metod. Cílem SWOT analýzy je vyhodnocení nejpřínosnější diagnostické zobrazovací metody v mamologii.The Bachelor?s thesis deals with the matter of imaging methods in mammology. In the theoretical section, individual imaging methods available in the Czech Republic are described. Further, the connected intervention procedures are stated here and the following localization techniques. The content of the practical section is a comparison of selected diagnostic imaging methods based on the collected information. Mammographic examinations, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance and computed tomography are being compared between each other. These methods are compared according to the age range of the female patients, time demands of the examination, price of the examination and price of the device, and not in the least, the comfortability of the examination is described here. Consequently, also the role of a radiology assistant in individual examinations by imaging methods is described and also their role in intervention procedures. To evaluate the compared aspects, the SWOT analysis is used, which takes into account the strengths and the weaknesses, further also the possibilities and risks of the individual diagnostic imaging methods. The aim of the SWOT analysis is to evaluate the most beneficial diagnostic imaging method in mammology

In vitro induction of enamel subsurface demineralization for evaluation of diagnostic imaging methods

The aim of this study was to investigate a model of inducing enamel subsurface demineralization for evaluating diagnostic imaging methods. Fifty sound teeth had their crowns coated with acid-resistant varnish, leaving a 7 mm² circular window of exposed enamel in one of the proximal surfaces. The specimens were assigned to 5 groups (4 experimental and the control) and were kept immersed in a buffer solution at pH 4.8, 50% saturated in relation to enamel, for 60, 75, 90 and 120 days, or were not exposed to the solution. Digital radiographs were taken, prior to and after each immersion period, and interpreted by a radiologist. For validation, the enamel was submitted to microhardness profiling. In addition, the solutions were analyzed for phosphorus (Pi) and calcium (Ca) concentrations. Microhardness data were evaluated using two-way ANOVA (

The complementary role of imaging and tumor biomarkers in gynecological cancers: an update of the literature

Gynecological tumors, including endometrial, cervical and ovarian cancer, have increased in incidence over time. The widespread introduction of screening programs and advances in diagnostic imaging methods has lead to a progressive increase in gynecological cancer detection. Accurate diagnosis and proper monitoring of disease remain the primary target for a successful treatment. In the last years, knowledge about cancer biomarkers has considerably increased providing great opportunities for improving cancer detection and treatment. In addition, in the last few years there has been an important development of imaging techniques. Nowadays, a multimodal approach including the evaluation of serum tumor biomarkers combined with imaging techniques, seems to be the best strategy for assessing tumor presence, spread, recurrence, and/or the response to treatment in female cancer patients In this review we provide an overview of the application of biomarkers combined with novel imaging methods and highlight their roles in female cancer diagnosis and follow-up

Ionising radiation exposure from medical imaging – A review of Patient's (un) awareness

Introduction: Medical imaging is the main source of artificial radiation exposure. Evidence, however, suggests that patients are poorly informed about radiation exposure when attending diagnostic scans. This review provides an overview of published literature with a focus on nuclear medicine patients on the level of awareness of radiation exposure from diagnostic imaging. Methods: A review of available literature on awareness, knowledge and perception of ionising radiation in medical imaging was conducted. Articles that met the inclusion criteria were subjected to critical appraisal using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Results: 140 articles identified and screened for eligibility, 24 critically assessed and 4 studies included in synthesis. All studies demonstrated that patients were generally lacking awareness about radiation exposure and highlighted a lack of communication between healthcare professionals and patients with respect to radiation exposure. Conclusion: Studies demonstrate a need to better inform patients about their radiation exposure, and further studies focusing on nuclear medicine patients are particularly warranted. Implications for practice: Adequate and accurate information is crucial to ensure the principle of informed consent is present

Detection of Procedural Errors with Stainless Steel and NiTi Instruments by Undergraduate Students Using Conventional Radiograph and Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Introduction: This study investigated procedural errors made during root canal preparation using stainless steel and nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments by undergraduate students, using two diagnostic imaging methods. Materials and Methods: Sixty human molars were divided into three groups (n=20; group 1: K-Flexofile, group 2: K3, and group 3: BioRace). The root canals were filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus. Periapical radiographs and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were obtained to detect procedural errors made by undergraduate students during root canal preparation. Two examiners evaluated the presence or absence of fractured instruments, perforations and canal transportations. The agreement between observers was assessed using the kappa coefficient. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Fisher exact, ANOVA and Tukey tests were used for statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: There were no significant differences in detecting procedural errors between two- and three-dimensional diagnostic imaging methods. There were no significant differences in procedural errors between stainless steel and NiTi instruments. Mean preparation time was recorded in minutes, and results were significantly different between the three groups. NiTi instruments had the lowest mean preparation time. Conclusion: Both periapical radiographs and CBCT identified procedural errors, however, three-dimensional images offered more diagnostic resources. The frequency of procedural errors was low for any of the endodontic instruments despite being used by inexperienced operators

Comparison of diagnostic imaging methods for intervertebral disc herniation in dogs

Hernijacija intervertebralnog diska jedna je od češćih bolesti međukralježničnog diska. Etiološki gledano, mnogi su uzroci ovoga stanja: degeneracije diska, traume, infekcije ili anatomske/razvojne anomalije. U dijagnostici hernijacije moguće je služiti se raznim metodama slikovne dijagnostike; najčešće nativnom rendgenografijom, mijelografijom, kompjuteriziranom tomografijom ili magnetnom rezonancijom. Prema dostupnim istraživanjima, najpouzdanija metoda pokazala se magnetna rezonancija koja omogućuje sigurnu dijagnostiku i lokalizaciju u 100 % slučajeva dok su za ostale metode postotci uspješnosti detekcije niži. Treba napomenuti da je korištenje određene metode slikovne dijagnostike u lokalizaciji i lateralizaciji mjesta hernijacije intervertebralnog diska u svakodnevnoj praksi najčešće ovisno o financijskim mogućnostima vlasnika, dostupnosti određene metode i hitnosti stanja. Shodno tome, rezultati pretraga variraju, kao i točnost lokalizacije hernijacije. Cilj je ovoga preglednog rada prikazati specifičnosti hernijacije intervertebralnog diska te mogućnosti dijagnostike slikovnim metodama raspoloživima u svakodnevnoj veterinarskoj praksi.Intervertebral disc herniation is a common disorder of the intervertebral disc. There are many causes of this condition: disc degeneration, trauma, infection, or anatomical/developmental abnormalities. In the diagnosis of herniation, various methods of diagnostic imaging can be applied, such as: survey radiography, myelography, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. According to the literature, the most reliable method has proven to be magnetic resonance imaging, which allows for a sound diagnosis and localization in 100% of cases, while the success rates of detection for other methods are lower. It should be noted that the use of a particular imaging method in the localization and lateralization of the herniation site of the intervertebral disc in everyday practice is usually guided by the financial capacities of the owner, the availability of a particular method, and the urgency of the procedure. Consequently, the test results vary and thus the accuracy of the herniation localization. The aim of this review article is to show the specifics of intervertebral disc herniation and the methods for the most accurate diagnosis using imaging methods available in everyday veterinary practice

Hip imaging in rheumatoid arthritis

The aim of this article is to discuss the main aspects of the hip involvement in adults with rheumatoid arthritis. The diagnostic imaging methods that will be illustrated are radiography, ultrasonography, computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium endovenous injection.Este artigo de revisão tem como objetivo discutir os principais aspectos por imagem do envolvimento do quadril em adultos pela artrite reumatóide, com abordagem ilustrativa dos principais achados. Os métodos de imagem estudados são a radiografia, ultra-sonografia, tomografia computadorizada e a ressonância magnética com o uso do contraste paramagnético (gadolínio) pela via intravenosa.UNIFESP-EPM Departamento de Diagnóstico por ImagemUNIFESP-EPM Disciplina de ReumatologiaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de Diagnóstico por ImagemUNIFESP, EPM Disciplina de ReumatologiaSciEL