Fruit fly management research, transcriptome analysis and first evidence of RNAi in Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Tese (Doutorado) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitossanidade. Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas. Orientador: Dori Edson Nava, Co-orientador: Moisés João Zotti, Guy Smagghe

8th International Symposium on fruit flies of economic importance

Sabater Muñoz, B.; Urbaneja García, A.; Navarro Llopis, V. (2010). 8th International Symposium on fruit flies of economic importance. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/11200Archivo delegad

From Insect Pheromones to Mating Disruption

The present book, a reprint of the successful Insects Special Issue "From Insect Pheromones to Mating Disruption: Theory and Practice", includes laboratory and field studies dealing with insect pheromones, as well as on mating disruption efficacy against insect species of economic importance, with special reference to the development and optimization of mating disruption approaches, their mechanisms of action, and possible non-target effects

Study of the bio-ethology of Ceratitis capitata Wied. in Trentino and development of sustainable strategies for population control

De Cristofaro, Antonio1openThe Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera Tephritidae), is a ubiquitous pest in subtropical and tropical regions worldwide. The gravid female deposits eggs inside the fruit and the newly emerged larvae feed on fruit pulp, causing fruit decay. The mature larvae leave the fruit and pupate in the soil, where new adults emerge. C. capitata is a highly polyphagous, multivoltine pest species and it is one of the world’s most economically important fruit pests. From its supposed origin in Africa, it has spread to a number of countries, including the Mediterranean, parts of South and Central America and Australia. It was first detected in southern Italy in 1863, from where it gradually spread northward and it now infests all major temperate fruit crops, including the apple, throughout the country. C. capitata is reported to complete up to seven generations per year in the most southerly regions and this number gradually decreases as the pest spreads northward. The northern limit of its distribution has been indicated to be around the 41st parallel north and its presence above this is considered to be occasional, mainly due to infested fruit trading, as this species is reported to be unable to overwinter above this latitude. The presence of C. capitata was first reported in a limited area of Trentino in 1990. After this initial report, it was not observed until 2010, when severe apple damage caused by C. capitata was reported in a much larger area. From this year on, Mediterranean fruit fly infestation regularly appeared in the warmest apple growing areas of Trentino, claiming the attention of local research institutes and demanding in-depth study of the bio-ethology of this Tephritid pest in relation to environmental conditions and the apple production system in this northern Italian region. The main objectives of this project were: to select the most effective trap in order to implement an efficient monitoring plan; to evaluate the susceptibility of apple varieties to oviposition and larval development in relation to physical-chemical parameter values at harvest time; to monitor the flight activity of the fly at area-wide level; to validate Tassan’s degree-day model (Tassan et al., 1982) for estimation of the length of life-cycles and number of potential Medfly generations in Trentino; to assess the survival of overwintering populations; to evaluate the efficacy of different insecticides in controlling Medfly fruit infestation. Four types of differently baited commercial traps (chromotropic, pheromone and food attractant) were compared in an apple orchard. A Decis® trap baited with a food attractant and catching both males and females was shown to be the most suitable for monitoring pests. In Trentino, adult Medfly flight starts during the first week of July, but the intensity (number of captures) remains at a very low level until August, when it begins to increase, peaking during September. After this, adult activity decreases in October and stops by the end of November. According to our observations, performed both in the open field and under controlled conditions, C. capitata overwinters at the larval stage in infested apples falling to the ground in orchards. The application of Tassan’s degree-day model based on temperature records provided a good estimate of first generation development (325.2 °DD from eggs to adult and 44 °DD for the adult preoviposition period) in the area where direct behavioural observations were carried out. To evaluate apple susceptibility, qualitative parameters (e.g. hardness, acidity, sugar and starch) of the main apple varieties cultivated in Trentino (Gala, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Kanzi, Morgen and Fuji) were measured and correlated with the oviposition preference and larval survival of two Medfly strains in laboratory and field tests. The results showed that susceptibility to C. capitata oviposition increased when fruits had a high sugar content and a low penetrating resistance, as in the case of Golden Delicious, Kanzi and Fuji. In contrast, Granny Smith, Red Delicious and Morgen showed low susceptibility, due to their lower sugar content and higher peel and pulp hardness. As regards larval fitness, the results suggested that the tested varieties considerably affected various aspects of the biology of both immature and adult stages such as larval survival, duration of larval and adult developmental stage and size of the pupae. Golden Delicious, Gala, Kanzi and Fuji were the most favourable environments among the seven tested varieties. In contrast, Granny Smith, Red Delicious and Morgen were shown not to be favourable for larval and adult development. Two Medfly strains, one from Trentino and one from Spain, were used to assess the efficacy of five commercial insecticides containing the following active ingredients: Etofenprox, Cyazypir, Beta-Cyfluthrin, Spinosad and Thiacloprid. Sublethal doses of Spinosad and Beta-Cyfluthrin caused high mortality in Spanish strains. Moreover, Beta-Cyfluthrin, Etofenprox and Spinosad also reduced damage by females to apples at the recommended field rate. When used against the Trentino strain, Spinosad caused high adult mortality at the recommended field dose, while Cyazypyr and Etofenprox did not work sufficiently to prevent puncture, egg laying and larval development in fruit. Recommended field rates of all the selected insecticide formulations were repellent for egg-laying females of both strains, so both oviposition and fruit damage were significantly reduced on treated ripening fruits. The behavioural observations and experimental results obtained in this thesis allow a better understanding of the bio-ethology of C. capitata in a northern fruit growing region such as Trentino, providing fundamental information for advisors and growers to optimise the current pest management strategy. In the future, some of the results obtained in this study will be of great relevance for developing innovative and more sustainable control tactics.embargoed_20191108Zanoni, S

Study of the bio-ethology of Ceratitis capitata Wied. in Trentino and development of sustainable strategies for population control

The Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera Tephritidae), is a ubiquitous pest in subtropical and tropical regions worldwide. The gravid female deposits eggs inside the fruit and the newly emerged larvae feed on fruit pulp, causing fruit decay. The mature larvae leave the fruit and pupate in the soil, where new adults emerge. C. capitata is a highly polyphagous, multivoltine pest species and it is one of the world’s most economically important fruit pests. From its supposed origin in Africa, it has spread to a number of countries, including the Mediterranean, parts of South and Central America and Australia. It was first detected in southern Italy in 1863, from where it gradually spread northward and it now infests all major temperate fruit crops, including the apple, throughout the country. C. capitata is reported to complete up to seven generations per year in the most southerly regions and this number gradually decreases as the pest spreads northward. The northern limit of its distribution has been indicated to be around the 41st parallel north and its presence above this is considered to be occasional, mainly due to infested fruit trading, as this species is reported to be unable to overwinter above this latitude. The presence of C. capitata was first reported in a limited area of Trentino in 1990. After this initial report, it was not observed until 2010, when severe apple damage caused by C. capitata was reported in a much larger area. From this year on, Mediterranean fruit fly infestation regularly appeared in the warmest apple growing areas of Trentino, claiming the attention of local research institutes and demanding in-depth study of the bio-ethology of this Tephritid pest in relation to environmental conditions and the apple production system in this northern Italian region. The main objectives of this project were: to select the most effective trap in order to implement an efficient monitoring plan; to evaluate the susceptibility of apple varieties to oviposition and larval development in relation to physical-chemical parameter values at harvest time; to monitor the flight activity of the fly at area-wide level; to validate Tassan’s degree-day model (Tassan et al., 1982) for estimation of the length of life-cycles and number of potential Medfly generations in Trentino; to assess the survival of overwintering populations; to evaluate the efficacy of different insecticides in controlling Medfly fruit infestation. Four types of differently baited commercial traps (chromotropic, pheromone and food attractant) were compared in an apple orchard. A Decis® trap baited with a food attractant and catching both males and females was shown to be the most suitable for monitoring pests. In Trentino, adult Medfly flight starts during the first week of July, but the intensity (number of captures) remains at a very low level until August, when it begins to increase, peaking during September. After this, adult activity decreases in October and stops by the end of November. According to our observations, performed both in the open field and under controlled conditions, C. capitata overwinters at the larval stage in infested apples falling to the ground in orchards. The application of Tassan’s degree-day model based on temperature records provided a good estimate of first generation development (325.2 °DD from eggs to adult and 44 °DD for the adult preoviposition period) in the area where direct behavioural observations were carried out. To evaluate apple susceptibility, qualitative parameters (e.g. hardness, acidity, sugar and starch) of the main apple varieties cultivated in Trentino (Gala, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Kanzi, Morgen and Fuji) were measured and correlated with the oviposition preference and larval survival of two Medfly strains in laboratory and field tests. The results showed that susceptibility to C. capitata oviposition increased when fruits had a high sugar content and a low penetrating resistance, as in the case of Golden Delicious, Kanzi and Fuji. In contrast, Granny Smith, Red Delicious and Morgen showed low susceptibility, due to their lower sugar content and higher peel and pulp hardness. As regards larval fitness, the results suggested that the tested varieties considerably affected various aspects of the biology of both immature and adult stages such as larval survival, duration of larval and adult developmental stage and size of the pupae. Golden Delicious, Gala, Kanzi and Fuji were the most favourable environments among the seven tested varieties. In contrast, Granny Smith, Red Delicious and Morgen were shown not to be favourable for larval and adult development. Two Medfly strains, one from Trentino and one from Spain, were used to assess the efficacy of five commercial insecticides containing the following active ingredients: Etofenprox, Cyazypir, Beta-Cyfluthrin, Spinosad and Thiacloprid. Sublethal doses of Spinosad and Beta-Cyfluthrin caused high mortality in Spanish strains. Moreover, Beta-Cyfluthrin, Etofenprox and Spinosad also reduced damage by females to apples at the recommended field rate. When used against the Trentino strain, Spinosad caused high adult mortality at the recommended field dose, while Cyazypyr and Etofenprox did not work sufficiently to prevent puncture, egg laying and larval development in fruit. Recommended field rates of all the selected insecticide formulations were repellent for egg-laying females of both strains, so both oviposition and fruit damage were significantly reduced on treated ripening fruits. The behavioural observations and experimental results obtained in this thesis allow a better understanding of the bio-ethology of C. capitata in a northern fruit growing region such as Trentino, providing fundamental information for advisors and growers to optimise the current pest management strategy. In the future, some of the results obtained in this study will be of great relevance for developing innovative and more sustainable control tactics

Letalidade de Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidade) submetida a diferentes extratos vegetais

The search for discovering plant species and isolating their active components with insecticidal properties against insects plagues, such as fruit flies, are receiving considerable attention worldwide, as they generate minimal environmental and living impacts compared to use of chemical insecticides. Thus, this study aimed to establish Lethality of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) submitted to different plant extracts. Hydroethanolic extracts (S. terebinthifolia, M. officinalis, S. aromaticus, P. guajava, P. amboinicus, M. villosa, C. sinensis, A. heterophyllus M. citrifolia e E. uniflora) were prepared with 30% w / v fresh leaves (plant weight / 70% ethanol volume). The insecticidal evaluation of the hydroethanolic extracts was investigated in two trials, in which the effect of the extracts on the larval stage (L3) and on the pupae of C. capitata were evaluated. The experiments were performed with ten treatments (hydroethanolic vegetable extracts) in different proportions (30%, 15%, 7,50%, 3,75%, 1,87%, 0,93%, 0% - one control with ethanol and another with water). Which were conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. Ten larvae or pupae were placed in a plastic cup and moistened in 1 mL of the portions of the extracts in the respective treatments. The evaluation was performed every 24 hours for three days for larvae; and the pupae, after being submitted to the treatments, were conditioned for eight days (pupal development) and, after that time, the evaluations were done every 24 hours for eight days. Our results show that hydroethanolic extracts of S. aromaticum, P. guajava and E. uniflora obtained the highest levels of polyphenols. However, for larval phase L3 only the leaf extracts of M. villosa, E. uniflora, P. amboinicus and S. terebinthifolia had insecticidal effect higher than 80% on the larvae of C. capitata. Whereas in the pupa phase of this insect, only the blackhead S. aromaticum and E. uniflora reduced the pupal development by more than 90%. The extracts that registered the greatest insecticidal response against the immature phases of C. capitata were S. aromaticum, E. uniflora and M. villosa. The main bioactive components were rosmarinic acid and luteolin7-O-rutinoside for M. villosa, the derivatives of glycosylated myricetin and quercetin for E. uniflora and isohamnetin, galoose digalloyl (glucogalin), isobiflorin, biflorin and kaempferol for S. aromaticum. These findings increase the number of effective extracts against C. capitata and provide new evidence on the major bioactive compounds active in this insecticidal activity.A busca por descobrir espécies vegetais e isolar seus componentes ativos com propriedades inseticidas contra insetos-praga, como as moscas-das-frutas, estão recebendo considerável atenção em todo o mundo, por gerar mínimos impactos ambientais e aos seres vivos em comparação ao uso de inseticidas químicos. Dessa forma, este estudo objetivou avaliar a letalidade de Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera:Tephritidae) submetida a diferentes extratos vegetais. Dez extratos hidroetanólicos (S. terebinthifolia, M. officinalis, S. aromaticus, P. guajava, P. amboinicus, M. villosa, C. sinensis, A. heterophyllus M. citrifolia e E. uniflora) foram preparados com folhas frescas na proporção de 30% p/v (peso do vegetal/volume de etanol 70%). A avaliação inseticida dos extratos hidroetanólicos foi investigada em dois ensaios, nos quais avaliaram-se o efeito dos extratos sobre a fase larval (L3) e sobre as pupas de C. capitata. Os experimentos foram realizados com dez tratamentos (extratos vegetais hidroetanólicos) em diferentes proporções (30%; 15%; 7,50%; 3,75%; 1,87%; 0,93%, 0% - um controle com etanol e outro com água), os quais foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Dez larvas ou pupas foram colocadas em um copo plástico e umedecidas em 1 mL das porções dos extratos nos respectivos tratamentos. A avaliação foi realizada a cada 24 horas durante três dias para larvas; enquanto as pupas, após serem submetidas aos tratamentos, foram acondicionadas por oito dias (desenvolvimento pupal) e, decorrido esse tempo, as avaliações foram feitas a cada 24 horas por oito dias. Entre os extratos testados, apenas os extratos etonólicos S. aromaticum, P. guajava e E. uniflora obtiveram os maiores teores de polifenóis. Somente os extratos vegetais de M. villosa, E.uniflora, P. amboinicus e S.terebinthifolia tiveram efeito inseticida superior a 80% sobre as larvas L3 de C. capitata. Enquanto na fase de pupa, apenas S. aromaticum e E. uniflora reduziram em mais de 90% a viabilidade pupal. Os extratos que registraram maiores respostas inseticidas contra as fases imaturas de C. capitata foram S. aromaticum, E. uniflora e M. villosa. Cujos principais componentes bioativos foram o ácido rosmarínico e luteolin7-O-rutinoside para M. villosa, os derivados de miricetina glicosilada e quercetina para E. uniflora e isohamnetin, gicose digalloyl (glucogalin), isobiflorin, biflorin e kaempferol para o S. aromaticum. Essas descobertas ampliam o número de extratos eficazes contra C. capitata e fornecem novas evidências sobre os principais compostos bioativos atuantes nessa atividade inseticida

Control de calidad y prevención en áreas reglamentadas sobre Ceratitis Capitata Wied

Varias especies de moscas de la fruta son plagas invasoras que dañan frutos de calidad en cultivos hortícolas y causar importantes pérdidas de valor. El manejo de las moscas de la fruta es un desafío debido a su biología, adaptación a varias regiones y una amplia gama de hospedadores. Como parte de las actividades profesionales desarrolladas, se evaluaron los enfoques actuales de la inspección fitosanitaria que realiza el Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria sobre el manejo de la mosca de la fruta en todo el Perú, y se analizó el conocimiento actual sobre las moscas de la fruta mediante la revisión sistemática de la investigación sobre tácticas de monitoreo y control, de acuerdo con las pautas del mencionado organismo de control adjunto al Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego. Se realiza una revisión sistemática de los resultados de las labores de inspección Fitosanitaria respecto a la mosca de la fruta en el Puesto de Control del Aeropuerto de Arequipa y el Puesto de Control Chiguata en la misma región, mediante el desarrollo de un conjunto de criterios definidos a priori para la posterior replicación del proceso de revisión. La metodología constó en inspecciones de equipajes y vehículos en general y la verificación de las condiciones de resguardo en los envíos certificados, sobre una base no menor a 30 inspecciones de equipajes vehículos en general por mes y 10 verificaciones por mes, los cuales de la emisión del informe de conformidad del área; además del detalle de los frutos decomisados, el estado de infestación, indicando el Factor reversible y el Factor infeccioso. Se siguen publicando estudios sobre moscas de la fruta que aportan conocimientos útiles en las áreas de tácticas de seguimiento y control. Se analizaron las limitaciones y perspectivas para el manejo de la mosca de la fruta y destacamos recomendaciones con el potencial de aportar a prácticas futuras

Area-wide Integrated Pest Management

Extensive reliance on insecticides reduces biodiversity, contributes to pollinator decline, destroys habitat and threatens endangered species. This book offers a more effective application of the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach, on an area-wide (AW) or population-wide (AW-IPM) basis. It addresses the importance of problem-solving research, planning and baseline data collection, integrating tools for appropriate control strategies, and pilot trials. The 48 chapters authored by 184 experts cover advances in genetics, molecular biology, biological control, resistance management, modelling, automated surveillance and unmanned aerial release systems

Area-wide Integrated Pest Management

Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-target species, air, water and soil. The extensive reliance on insecticide use reduces biodiversity, contributes to pollinator decline, destroys habitat, and threatens endangered species. This book offers a more effective application of the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach, on an area-wide (AW) or population-wide (AW-IPM) basis, which aims at the management of the total population of a pest, involving a coordinated effort over often larger areas. For major livestock pests, vectors of human diseases and pests of high-value crops with low pest tolerance, there are compelling economic reasons for participating in AW-IPM. This new textbook attempts to address various fundamental components of AW-IPM, e.g. the importance of relevant problem-solving research, the need for planning and essential baseline data collection, the significance of integrating adequate tools for appropriate control strategies, and the value of pilot trials, etc. With chapters authored by 184 experts from more than 31 countries, the book includes many technical advances in the areas of genetics, molecular biology, microbiology, resistance management, and social sciences that facilitate the planning and implementing of area-wide strategies. The book is essential reading for the academic and applied research community as well as national and regional government plant and human/animal health authorities with responsibility for protecting plant and human/animal health