211 research outputs found
Future bathroom: A study of user-centred design principles affecting usability, safety and satisfaction in bathrooms for people living with disabilities
Research and development work relating to assistive technology
2010-11 (Department of Health)
Presented to Parliament pursuant to Section 22 of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 197
Physical Diagnosis and Rehabilitation Technologies
The book focuses on the diagnosis, evaluation, and assistance of gait disorders; all the papers have been contributed by research groups related to assistive robotics, instrumentations, and augmentative devices
Advances in Human-Robot Interaction
Rapid advances in the field of robotics have made it possible to use robots not just in industrial automation but also in entertainment, rehabilitation, and home service. Since robots will likely affect many aspects of human existence, fundamental questions of human-robot interaction must be formulated and, if at all possible, resolved. Some of these questions are addressed in this collection of papers by leading HRI researchers
Workload-aware systems and interfaces for cognitive augmentation
In today's society, our cognition is constantly influenced by information intake, attention switching, and task interruptions. This increases the difficulty of a given task, adding to the existing workload and leading to compromised cognitive performances. The human body expresses the use of cognitive resources through physiological responses when confronted with a plethora of cognitive workload. This temporarily mobilizes additional resources to deal with the workload at the cost of accelerated mental exhaustion.
We predict that recent developments in physiological sensing will increasingly create user interfaces that are aware of the userâs cognitive capacities, hence able to intervene when high or low states of cognitive workload are detected. In this thesis, we initially focus on determining opportune moments for cognitive assistance. Subsequently, we investigate suitable feedback modalities in a user-centric design process which are desirable for cognitive assistance. We present design requirements for how cognitive augmentation can be achieved using interfaces that sense cognitive workload.
We then investigate different physiological sensing modalities to enable suitable real-time assessments of cognitive workload. We provide empirical evidence that the human brain is sensitive to fluctuations in cognitive resting states, hence making cognitive effort measurable. Firstly, we show that electroencephalography is a reliable modality to assess the mental workload generated during the user interface operation. Secondly, we use eye tracking to evaluate changes in eye movements and pupil dilation to quantify different workload states. The combination of machine learning and physiological sensing resulted in suitable real-time assessments of cognitive workload. The use of physiological sensing enables us to derive when cognitive augmentation is suitable.
Based on our inquiries, we present applications that regulate cognitive workload in home and work settings. We deployed an assistive system in a field study to investigate the validity of our derived design requirements. Finding that workload is mitigated, we investigated how cognitive workload can be visualized to the user. We present an implementation of a biofeedback visualization that helps to improve the understanding of brain activity. A final study shows how cognitive workload measurements can be used to predict the efficiency of information intake through reading interfaces. Here, we conclude with use cases and applications which benefit from cognitive augmentation.
This thesis investigates how assistive systems can be designed to implicitly sense and utilize cognitive workload for input and output. To do so, we measure cognitive workload in real-time by collecting behavioral and physiological data from users and analyze this data to support users through assistive systems that adapt their interface according to the currently measured workload. Our overall goal is to extend new and existing context-aware applications by the factor cognitive workload. We envision Workload-Aware Systems and Workload-Aware Interfaces as an extension in the context-aware paradigm. To this end, we conducted eight research inquiries during this thesis to investigate how to design and create workload-aware systems.
Finally, we present our vision of future workload-aware systems and workload-aware interfaces. Due to the scarce availability of open physiological data sets, reference implementations, and methods, previous context-aware systems were limited in their ability to utilize cognitive workload for user interaction. Together with the collected data sets, we expect this thesis to pave the way for methodical and technical tools that integrate workload-awareness as a factor for context-aware systems.TagtĂ€glich werden unsere kognitiven FĂ€higkeiten durch die Verarbeitung von unzĂ€hligen Informationen in Anspruch genommen. Dies kann die Schwierigkeit einer Aufgabe durch mehr oder weniger Arbeitslast beeinflussen. Der menschliche Körper drĂŒckt die Nutzung kognitiver Ressourcen durch physiologische Reaktionen aus, wenn dieser mit kognitiver Arbeitsbelastung konfrontiert oder ĂŒberfordert wird. Dadurch werden weitere Ressourcen mobilisiert, um die Arbeitsbelastung vorĂŒbergehend zu bewĂ€ltigen.
Wir prognostizieren, dass die derzeitige Entwicklung physiologischer Messverfahren kognitive Leistungsmessungen stets möglich machen wird, um die kognitive Arbeitslast des Nutzers jederzeit zu messen. Diese sind in der Lage, einzugreifen wenn eine zu hohe oder zu niedrige kognitive Belastung erkannt wird. Wir konzentrieren uns zunĂ€chst auf die Erkennung passender Momente fĂŒr kognitive UnterstĂŒtzung welche sich der gegenwĂ€rtigen kognitiven Arbeitslast bewusst sind. AnschlieĂend untersuchen wir in einem nutzerzentrierten Designprozess geeignete Feedbackmechanismen, die zur kognitiven Assistenz beitragen. Wir prĂ€sentieren Designanforderungen, welche zeigen wie Schnittstellen eine kognitive Augmentierung durch die Messung kognitiver Arbeitslast erreichen können.
AnschlieĂend untersuchen wir verschiedene physiologische MessmodalitĂ€ten, welche Bewertungen der kognitiven Arbeitsbelastung in Realzeit ermöglichen. ZunĂ€chst validieren wir empirisch, dass das menschliche Gehirn auf kognitive Arbeitslast reagiert. Es zeigt sich, dass die Ableitung der kognitiven Arbeitsbelastung ĂŒber Elektroenzephalographie eine geeignete Methode ist, um den kognitiven Anspruch neuartiger Assistenzsysteme zu evaluieren. AnschlieĂend verwenden wir Eye-Tracking, um VerĂ€nderungen in den Augenbewegungen und dem Durchmesser der Pupille unter verschiedenen IntensitĂ€ten kognitiver Arbeitslast zu bewerten. Das Anwenden von maschinellem Lernen fĂŒhrt zu zuverlĂ€ssigen Echtzeit-Bewertungen kognitiver Arbeitsbelastung. Auf der Grundlage der bisherigen Forschungsarbeiten stellen wir Anwendungen vor, welche die Kognition im hĂ€uslichen und beruflichen Umfeld unterstĂŒtzen. Die physiologischen Messungen stellen fest, wann eine kognitive Augmentierung sich als gĂŒnstig erweist.
In einer Feldstudie setzen wir ein Assistenzsystem ein, um die erhobenen Designanforderungen zur Reduktion kognitiver Arbeitslast zu validieren. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Arbeitsbelastung durch den Einsatz von Assistenzsystemen reduziert wird. Im Anschluss untersuchen wir, wie kognitive Arbeitsbelastung visualisiert werden kann. Wir stellen eine Implementierung einer Biofeedback-Visualisierung vor, die das NutzerverstĂ€ndnis zum Verlauf und zur Entstehung von kognitiver Arbeitslast unterstĂŒtzt. Eine abschlieĂende Studie zeigt, wie Messungen kognitiver Arbeitslast zur Vorhersage der aktuellen Leseeffizienz benutzt werden können. Wir schlieĂen hierbei mit einer Reihe von Applikationen ab, welche sich kognitive Arbeitslast als Eingabe zunutze machen.
Die vorliegende wissenschaftliche Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Design von Assistenzsystemen, welche die kognitive Arbeitslast der Nutzer implizit erfasst und diese bei der DurchfĂŒhrung alltĂ€glicher Aufgaben unterstĂŒtzt. Dabei werden physiologische Daten erfasst, um RĂŒckschlĂŒsse in Realzeit auf die derzeitige kognitive Arbeitsbelastung zu erlauben. AnschlieĂend werden diese Daten analysiert, um dem Nutzer strategisch zu assistieren. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Erweiterung neuartiger und bestehender kontextbewusster Benutzerschnittstellen um den Faktor kognitive Arbeitslast. Daher werden in dieser Arbeit arbeitslastbewusste Systeme und arbeitslastbewusste Benutzerschnittstellen als eine zusĂ€tzliche Dimension innerhalb des Paradigmas kontextbewusster Systeme prĂ€sentiert. Wir stellen acht Forschungsstudien vor, um die Designanforderungen und die Implementierung von kognitiv arbeitslastbewussten Systemen zu untersuchen.
SchlieĂlich stellen wir unsere Vision von zukĂŒnftigen kognitiven arbeitslastbewussten Systemen und Benutzerschnittstellen vor. Durch die knappe VerfĂŒgbarkeit öffentlich zugĂ€nglicher DatensĂ€tze, Referenzimplementierungen, und Methoden, waren Kontextbewusste Systeme in der Auswertung kognitiver Arbeitslast bezĂŒglich der Nutzerinteraktion limitiert. ErgĂ€nzt durch die in dieser Arbeit gesammelten DatensĂ€tze erwarten wir, dass diese Arbeit den Weg fĂŒr methodische und technische Werkzeuge ebnet, welche kognitive Arbeitslast als Faktor in das Kontextbewusstsein von Computersystemen integriert
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Unmediated Interaction: Communicating with Computers and Embedded Devices as If They Are Not There
Although computers are smaller and more readily accessible today than they have ever been, I believe that we have barely scratched the surface of what computers can become. When we use computing devices today, we end up spending a lot of our time navigating to particular functions or commands to use devices their way rather than executing those commands immediately. In this dissertation, I explore what I call unmediated interaction, the notion of people using computers as if the computers are not there and as if the people are using their own abilities or powers instead. I argue that facilitating unmediated interaction via personalization, new input modalities, and improved text entry can reduce both input overhead and output overhead, which are the burden of providing inputs to and receiving outputs from the intermediate device, respectively. I introduce three computational methods for reducing input overhead and one for reducing output overhead. First, I show how input data mining can eliminate the need for user inputs altogether. Specifically, I develop a method for mining controller inputs to gain deep insights about a players playing style, their preferences, and the nature of video games that they are playing, all of which can be used to personalize their experience without any explicit input on their part. Next, I introduce gaze locking, a method for sensing eye contact from an image that allows people to interact with computers, devices, and other objects just by looking at them. Third, I introduce computationally optimized keyboard designs for touchscreen manual input that allow people to type on smartphones faster and with far fewer errors than currently possible. Last, I introduce the racing auditory display (RAD), an audio system that makes it possible for people who are blind to play the same types of racing games that sighted players can play, and with a similar speed and sense of control as sighted players. The RAD shows how we can reduce output overhead to provide user interface parity between people with and without disabilities. Together, I hope that these systems open the door to even more efforts in unmediated interaction, with the goal of making computers less like devices that we use and more like abilities or powers that we have
AplicaciĂłn dos produtos de apoio de alta tecnoloxĂa no desempeño ocupacional das persoas con discapacidade visual: scoping review
[Resumo] IntroduciĂłn: As persoas con discapacidade visual poden experimentar dificultades na realizaciĂłn de diferentes ocupaciĂłns cotiĂĄs. A tecnoloxĂa de apoio (TA) debe actuar coma un facilitador na participaciĂłn desta poboaciĂłn en actividades desexadas.
Obxectivo: Coñecer se os produtos de apoio de alta tecnoloxĂa dan resposta ĂĄs dificultades no desempeño ocupacional coas que se atopan mĂĄis frecuentemente as persoas con discapacidade visual no seu dĂa a dĂa.
MetodoloxĂa: Seguiuse unha metodoloxĂa de revisiĂłn de alcance. A busca bibliogrĂĄfica foi levada a cabo nas bases de datos CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science. As variables temĂĄticas establecĂ©ronse seguindo os compoñentes propostos polo Modelo da Actividade Humana e da TecnoloxĂa de Apoio. Para a sĂșa anĂĄlise empregouse un enfoque mixto.
Resultados: Na mostra incluĂronse un total de 44 estudos. En moitos casos, non se especificou certa informaciĂłn relativa ĂĄs persoas participantes. A TA analizada centrouse principalmente na detecciĂłn e na evitaciĂłn de obstĂĄculos, facilitando a mobilidade funcional. Os dispositivos reciben a informaciĂłn mediante sistemas de cĂĄmaras para transmitirlla ĂĄ persoa por son. A TA estĂĄ deseñada para contextos tanto interiores coma exteriores da vida diaria, e foi testada maiormente en ambientes reais.
ConclusiĂłn: Os produtos de apoio de alta tecnoloxĂa estĂĄn dirixidos principalmente a facilitar a mobilidade funcional, a participaciĂłn social, e a lectura das persoas con discapacidade visual. En menor medida, abordaron a educaciĂłn, o deporte e as tarefas do fogar. AsĂ, non se centraron noutras actividades relevantes como a conduciĂłn ou o emprego.[Resumen] IntroducciĂłn: Las personas con discapacidad visual pueden experimentan dificultades en la realizaciĂłn de diferentes ocupaciones cotidianas. La tecnologĂa de apoyo (TA) debe actuar como un facilitador en la participaciĂłn de esta poblaciĂłn en actividades deseadas.
Objetivo: Conocer si los productos de apoyo de alta tecnologĂa dan respuesta a las dificultades en el desempeño ocupacional con las que se encuentran mĂĄs frecuentemente las personas con discapacidad visual en su dĂa a dĂa.
MetodologĂa: Se siguiĂł una metodologĂa de revisiĂłn de alcance. La bĂșsqueda bibliogrĂĄfica se llevĂł a cabo en las bases de datos CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science. Las variables temĂĄticas se establecieron siguiendo los componentes propuestos por el Modelo de la Actividad Humana y la TecnologĂa de Apoyo. Para su anĂĄlisis se empleĂł un enfoque mixto.
Resultados: En la muestra se incluyeron un total de 44 estudios. En muchos casos, no se especificĂł cierta informaciĂłn relativa a las personas participantes. La TA analizada se centrĂł principalmente en la detecciĂłn y evitaciĂłn de obstĂĄculos, facilitando la movilidad funcional. Los dispositivos reciben la informaciĂłn mediante sistemas de cĂĄmaras para transmitĂrsela a la persona por audio. La TA estĂĄ diseñada para contextos tanto interiores como exteriores de la vida diaria, y fue testada mayormente en ambientes reales.
ConclusiĂłn: Los productos de apoyo de alta tecnologĂa estĂĄn dirigidos principalmente a facilitar la movilidad funcional, la participaciĂłn social, y la lectura de las personas con discapacidad visual. En menor medida, abordaron la educaciĂłn, el deporte, o las tareas del hogar. AsĂ, no se centraron en otras actividades relevantes como la conducciĂłn o el empleo.[Abstract] Background: People with visual impairment can have difficulties in performing different daily occupations. Assistive technology (AT) should be an enabler in the participation of these populationâs desired activities.
Aim: To know if high-tech assistive devices respond to difficulties in the occupational performance that people with visual impairment most frequently experiment in their day-to-day lives.
Methodology: A methodology of Scoping Review was used. The bibliographic search was carried out in the databases CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science. Thematic variables were established following the components proposed by the Human Activity Assistive Technology Model. For their analyses, a mixed methods approach was used.
Results: A total of 44 studies were included in the sample. In many cases, certain information regarding the participants was not specified. The analyzed AT focused mainly on the detection and avoidance of obstacles, facilitating functional mobility. The devices receive the information through camera systems to transmit it to the person by audio. The AT is designed for indoor and outdoor contexts of everyday life, and it was mostly tested in real-world environments.
Conclusion: The high-tech assistive devices are primarily aimed at facilitating the functional mobility, social participation, and reading of people with visual impairment. To a lesser extent, they addressed education, sports, or housework. However, they did not focus on other relevant activities such as driving or working.Traballo fin de mestrado (UDC.FCS). Asistencia e investigaciĂłn sanitaria. Especialidade en ReeducaciĂłn Funcional, AutonomĂa Persoal e Calidade de Vida. Curso 2020-202
Human-Computer Interaction
In this book the reader will find a collection of 31 papers presenting different facets of Human Computer Interaction, the result of research projects and experiments as well as new approaches to design user interfaces. The book is organized according to the following main topics in a sequential order: new interaction paradigms, multimodality, usability studies on several interaction mechanisms, human factors, universal design and development methodologies and tools
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